COEEA. 
521 
clumps at proper distances in the duly prepared fields. The rice is 
usually reaped in the ninth month, and the stubble is left in the 
ground to rot and form manure for the next year's crop. Of course, 
owing to the wet nature of the ground required for rice-growing, no 
other crop is usually grown in a ricefield except rice ; sometimes, 
however, barley is grown in a very dry ricefield. 
Oats, barley, wheat, and millet of three or four different kinds are 
grown fairly extensively in Corea ; oats being mainly cultivated in the 
north. 
Potatoes are also grown in the hill districts, very extensively in 
Kang-Ouen-To, where, in certain parts, they are to the people what 
rice is in the rest of Corea. 
Barley and oats are grown either by sowing in the autumn and 
reaping in the early summer, when they are called “ autumn barley or 
oats,” or else by sowing in the second month and reaping in the late 
summer ; then they are known as “ spring barley or oats.” The wheat 
is nearly all “ bearded wheat.” The flour is very coarse, and will only 
make into brown bread ; but this is probably owing to the primitive 
manner of grinding, and not necessarily to any inferiority of the 
wheat. 
Beans and oil seeds of various kinds are sown in the third month, 
and reaped in the eighth. There are also beans of a different kind, 
which are sown in the third month and eaten in the fifth. Beans 
are used for food for mankind as well as for horses and cattle ; they 
are usually mixed and boiled with the rice in the country. Beans for 
horses and cattle are made either into a kind of porridge or else 
into very hard cake, like the “ oil cake” used for sheep and cattle in 
England — only harder, coarser, and thicker. 
Oil seeds are used for making both edible oil and lamp oil. 
The best oil produced in Corea is known as “ Cham Kir am” and 
is produced from sesame seed. This is very wholesome, but has a 
strong taste which is sometimes considered disagreeable. 
The castor-oil plant is also cultivated and made into oil for 
lamps. 
Tobacco is grown largely ; it is of a coarse kind ; it is sown in the 
third month early, and reaped about the eighth. 
Cotton is sown in the third month, and gathered in the seventh ; 
this is very extensively grown, and is used mainly for padding winter 
clothes, blankets, socks, &c. 
The native-made cloth is coarse and very strong, but, owing to 
the antiquated machinery, is only made in very narrow widths, so that 
it must be frequently joined in making a suit of clothes. It is more 
expensive and much more durable than the cheap foreign cloth 
imported; but the appearance is not nearly so white and glossy, and 
it does not “get up” so well after washing, so that Coreans prefer the 
foreign goods while they remain cheaper than their own. 
After the barley or wheat crop has been reaped, it is usual to sow 
turnips and cabbages for the winter Jcimctii or pickle. 
Cabbages are also sown early in the spring, to form the supply 
for the kimclii during the summer, &c. 
