ADV 
which is a perianthium composed of five ob- 
tuse, hollow, somewhat coloured and deci- 
duous leaves; the corolla consists of five 
oblong obtuse beautiful petals ; and some- 
times there are more than five : there is no 
periearpium ; the receptacle is oblong, spi- 
cated, and holds five series of seeds; the 
seeds are numerous, irregular, and angular, 
gibbous at the base, and their apex reflex 
and prominent. There are six species, viz. 
the A. sestivalis, or tall, which is a native of 
the southern countries of Europe, where it 
gtows among corn ; the A. autumnalis, or 
common, which are found in Kent, near the 
Medway, in fields sown with wheat; the 
flowers are brought in great quantities to 
London, where they are sold under the 
name of Red Morocco : this is annual, and 
flowers from May to October: A. vernalis, 
or spring adonis, is found in Switzerland, 
Prussia, and some parts of Germany: A. 
apenninais found wild in Siberia: A. vesca- 
toria, or blister adonis; and the A. capensis, 
are used by the Africans for raising blisters. 
To these have been added two other species, 
viz. the miniata and the flammea. 
ADOXA, in botany, a genus of the Oc- 
tandria Tetragynia class of plants, the corolla 
of which is plain, and consists of a single 
petal, divided into four oval acute segments, 
longer than the cup ; the fruit is a globose 
berry, situated between the calyx and co- 
rolla ; the calyx adheres to its under part ; 
the berry is umbilicated, and contains four 
cells; the seeds are single and compressed. 
There is but a single species, viz. the A. 
moschatellina, bulbous fumitory, which 
grows naturally in shady places and woods, 
as in Hampstead and Charlton woods ; it is 
perennial : flowers in April and May. The 
leaves soon after decay, and the flowers 
smell like musk, on which account it has 
sometimes been' called musk-crowfoot. 
AD QUOD DAMNUM, in law, a writ 
which ought to be issued before the king 
grants certain liberties, as a fair, market, 
or the like; ordering the sheriff to inquire 
by the country what damage such a grant 
is like to be attended with. 
ADRIFT, in naval affairs, the state of a 
vessel broken loose from her moorings, and 
driven to and fro by the winds or waves. 
ADVERB, adverbium, in grammar, a 
word joined to verbs, expressing the man- 
ner, time, &cc. of an action : thus, in the 
phrase, it is conducive to health to rise early ; 
the word tfcrhf is an adverb; and so of 
others. 
ADVERSARIA, among the ancients. 
JECt 
was a book of accounts, not unlike our 
journals or day-books. 
Adversaria is more particularly used 
among men of letters, for a kind of com- 
mon-place book, wherein they enter what- 
ever occurs to them worthy of notice, 
whether in reading or conversation, in the 
order in which it occurs : a method which 
Morbof prefers to that of digesting them 
under certain heads. 
ADVOCATE, Lord, one of the officers of 
state in Scotland, who pleads in all causes 
of the crown, or wherein the king is con- 
cerned. 
The lord advocate sometirqes happens 
to be one of the lords of session ; in which 
case, he only pleads in the king’s causes. 
ADVOWSON, in law, is the right of pa- 
tronage, or presenting to a vacant bene- 
fice. 
Advowsons, are either appendant, or in 
gross. Appendant advowsons are those 
which depend on a manor, or lands, and 
pass as appurtenances of the same : where- 
as advowson in gross is a right of presenta- 
tion subsisting by itself, belonging to a per- 
son, and not to lands. 
In either case, advowsons are no less the 
property of the patrons than their landed 
estate : accordingly they may be granted 
away by deed or will, and are assets in the 
hands of executors. However, Papists and 
Jews, seized of any advowsons, are disabled 
from presenting : the right of presentation 
being in this case transferred to the chan- 
cellors of the universities, or the bishop of 
the diocese. 
Advowsons are also presentative, colla- 
tive, or donative. Presentative, where the 
patron hath a right of presentation to the 
bishop or ordinary ; collative, where the bi- 
shop is patron; and donative, where the 
king, or any subject. This licence founds 
a church or chapel, and ordains that it shall 
be merely in the gift of the patron. 
ADZE, a cutting-tool, of the axe kind, 
having its blade thin and arching, and its 
edge at right angle to the handle ; chiefly 
used for taking thin chips off timber, &c. 
It is used by carpenters, but more frequently 
by coopers. 
iECIDIUM, in botany, a genus of the 
Cryptogamia Fungi class and order. Its 
characters are, that it has a membranaceous 
sheath, smooth on both sides, and full of 
naked separate sides. There are 18 spe- 
cies, of which, several are found on the leaves 
of other plants, and one of them is known 
to agriculturists by the name of red gum . 
