ANATOMY. 
2 or 3 bones of the sternum : in the loins 
5 lumbar vertebrae ; in the pelvis 1 sacrum, 
1 ossa coccygis, 2 ossa innominata. 
Therefore the whole trunk has 57 or 58 
bones. 
The shoulders have 2 clavicles and 2 sca- 
pula: ; the arms 2 humeri ; the fore-arms 2 
ulnae and 2 radii ; the wrists 2 ossa navicu- 
laria ; 2 ossa lunata; 2 ossa cuneiformia ; 
2 ossa orbicularia ; 2 ossa trapezia; 2 ossa 
trapezioidea ; 2 ossa capitata ; 2 ossa unci- 
formia: the metacarpi 10 metacarpal bones : 
the fingers 10 posterior phalanges ; 8 middle 
phalanges, 10 anterior phalanges, and 8 se- 
samoid bones. 
The bones of the upper extremities are 
in the whole 72. 
The thighs have 2 femora: the legs 2 ti- 
hite, 2 patellae, and 2 fibulae : the tarsi 2 
astragali, 2 ossa calcis, 2 ossa navicularia, 
0 cuneiform bones, 2 ossa cuboidea : the 
metatarsi 10 metatarsal bones : the toes 10 
posterior phalanges, 8 middle phalanges, 
10 anterior phalanges, and 6 sesamoid 
bones. 
The bones of the lower extremities 
are 66. 
The whole skeleton contains 259 or 261 
bones. 
Of the bones just enumerated, the os fron- 
tis, Spheno-oCcipitale, ethmoideum, vomer, 
inferior maxilla, the vertebrae, sacrum, and 
os coccygis, the bones of the sternum, and 
the os linguale medium, are single bones ; 
and being placed in the middle of the body, 
are consequently symmetrical. 'Of all the 
other bones, there is a pair consisting of a 
bone for the right, and another for the left 
side. 
The structure of the whole skeleton is 
therefore symmetrical ; since an imaginary 
perpendicular line drawn through the whole 
would divide even the single bones into a 
right and a left half exactly resembling each 
other. This observation must however be 
taken with some allowance ; since the cor- 
responding bones of one side are not always 
perfectly similar to those of the opposite ; 
nor do the two halves of the single bones 
always exactly agree in form, &c. 
The entire natural skeleton of a man of 
middle stature, in a dried state, weighs from 
150 to 200 ounces ; that of a woman from 
100 to 160 ounces. 
Bones of the head. — The cranium i3 the 
oval bony cavity containing the brain ; the 
face is placed at the anterior and lower 
part of this cavity, and holds some of the 
organs of sense, and the instruments of mas- 
tication. 
The bones of the head are joined by 
sutures, a mode of union nearly peculiar to 
themselves; hence, when all 'the soft parts 
are destroyed by maceration, they still re- 
main most firmly connected to each other, 
excepting the front teeth and the lower 
jaw. The sutures are formed by numerous 
sharp and ramified processes of the opposed 
edges of the different bones, shooting into 
corresponding vacuities of each other. In 
some instances, however, the bones seem 
to be joined by the opposition of plane sur- 
faces, and here the union appears externally 
like a mere line, instead of the irregular 
zigzag course, which it takes in the former 
Case. The last mentioned junction is called 
harmonia. 
In the foetal state, the bones of the cra- 
nium do not touch each other, but are se- 
parated by considerable intervals of mem- 
brane, and have thin extenuated margins, 
which allow them to ride over each other 
when subjected to pressure. The larger 
and more conspicuous of these intervals are 
called fontanelles, and allow of the pulsa- 
tion of the brain being felt in a young sub- 
ject. The importance of this structure, in 
allowing the head to accommodate itself to 
the varying figure of the parts, through 
which it passes in the act of parturition, and 
to sustain the violent pressure, which it ex- 
periences in the same act, is sufficiently ob- 
vious. In the progress of ossification the 
edges of the bones meet each other, and 
become united by the sutures. The use 
of these in the adult cranium, cannot be sa- 
tisfactorily asssigned ; nor do we see any 
difference that would arise, if the head had 
been composed of one piece only, without 
any suture. In old persons the sutures 
often become more or less generally oblite- 
rated. 
The individual bones are very firmly con- 
nected by this mode of union. The edges 
of the different bones overlap each other 
at different parts, so that they are mecha- 
nically locked together, and cannot be dri- 
ven in by any force ah externo . 
The bones of the cranium are composed 
of two plates of compact bony substance, 
called the external, and internal or vitreous 
tables ; and an intervening more or less ob- 
vious reticular texture termed diploe. The 
proportion of these constituent parts varies 
very considerably ; the diploe is in no case 
of a very loose or open texture. The thick- 
ness of individual skulls is subject to great 
variety; and there is much difference in 
the various parts of the same skull. For 
the internal surface is every where exactly 
