ANATOMY. 
leg, instead of forming an unwieldy tume- 
faction in the foot itself. 
The great mechanical variety in the figure 
of the muscles may be thus stated. It ap- 
pears to be a fixed law, that the contrac- 
tion of a muscle shall be towards its centre. 
Therefore the subject for mechanism on 
each occasion is, so to modify the figure, 
and adjust the position of the muscle, as to 
produce the motion required, agreeably 
with this law. This can only be done by 
giving to difi’ereut muscles a diversity of 
configuration, suited to their several offices, 
and to their situation with respect to the 
work, which they have to perform. On 
which account we find them under a multi- 
plicity of forms and attitudes ; sometimes 
with double, sometimes with treble tendons, 
sometimes with none: sometimes one ten- 
don to several muscles, at other times one 
muscle to several tendons. The shape of 
the organ is susceptible of an incalculable 
variety, whilst the original property of the 
muscle, the law and line of its contraction, 
remains the same, and is simple. Herein 
the muscular system may be said to bear a 
perfect resemblance to our works ot art. 
An artist does not alter the native quality of 
his materials, or their laws* of action. He 
takes these as he finds them. His skill 
and ingenuity are employed in turning them, 
such as they are, to liis account, by giving to 
the parts of his machine a form and relation, 
in which these unalterable properties may 
operate to the production of the effects in- 
tended. 
The muscular system would afford us 
numerous examples of what may be called 
mechanical structure : i. e. of such contri- 
vances employed to attain certain objects, 
as a human artist would adopt on similar 
occasions. One of the muscles of the eye- 
ball presents us with a very perfect pulley ; 
by means of which the globe of the eye is 
moved in a direction exactly contrary to 
the original application of the force. This 
muscle, which is called the trochlearis, arises 
from the very back part of the orbit ; it has 
a long and slender tendon running through 
a pulley in the inner part of the front mar- 
gin of the orbit, and then going back to he 
fixed in the hind portion of the eye-ball. 
Thus it draws the globe obliquely upwards 
and forwards, although the line of the con- 
traction of the muscle is directly backward. 
In the toes and fingers, the long tendon, 
which bends the first joint, passes through 
the short tendon, which bends the second 
joint. 
The foot is placed at a considerable angle 
with the leg. It is manifest, therefore, that 
flexible strings, passing along the interior of 
the angle, if left to themselves, would, when 
stretched, start from it. The obvious pre- 
ventive is to tie them down, and this is done 
in fact. Across the instep, or rather just 
above it, the anatomist finds a, strong liga- 
ment, under which the tendons pass to the 
foot. The effect of the ligament, as a ban- 
dage, can be made evident to the senses ; 
for if it be cut, the tendons start up. The 
simplicity, yet the clearness of this contri- 
vance, its exact resemblance to established 
resources of art, place it among the most in- 
dubitable manifestations of design, with 
which we are acquainted. 
The number of the muscles of the human 
body is so great, and the circumstances, 
which demand attention in every muscle 
are likewise so numerous, that a particular 
description of each would extend this arti- 
cle beyond its presciibed limits. We shall 
therefore merely give a catalogue of the 
muscles ; which together with the refe- 
rences to the annexed plates, will give the 
reader a sufficiently clear notion of the sub- 
ject. 
Muscles of the scalp. — 1. Fronto-occipi- 
talis, or epicranius. 
Muscles of the ear. — 1. Attollens auricu- 
lam; 2. anterior auris; 3, 4. retrahentes 
auriculam ; 5. major helicis ; 6. minor heli- 
cis ; 7. tragicus ; 8. antitragicus ; 9. trans- 
versns auricula: ; 10. laxator tympani major ; 
1 1. laxator tympani minor ; 12. tensor tym- 
pani ; 13. stapedeus. 
Muscles of the eye. — 1. Orbicularis pal- 
pebrarum ; 2,'corrugator supercilii ; 3. leva- 
tor palp eh r;e superioris ; 4. attollens oculi ; 
5. abductor oculi; 6- depressor oculi; 7. 
adductor oculi, these are also called recti : 
viz. rectus superior, externus, inferior, and 
interims ; 8. obliquus superior oculi, or troch- 
learis ; 9. obliquus inferior oculi. 
Muscles of the nose. — 1. Compressor na- 
rium ; 2. levator labii superioris et alae nasi ; 
3.nasalis lahii superioris; 4.depressoralaenasi. 
Muscles of the lips. — 1 . Levator labii su- 
perioris ; 2. zygomaticus major ; 3. zygo- 
maticus minor ; 4. levator anguli oris ; 5. 
depressor anguli oris ; 6. depressor labii in- 
ferioris ; 7. buccinator; 8. orbicularis oris ; 
9. anomalus maxilla: superioris ; 10. levator 
menti. 
Lower jaw. — 1. Biventer maxillae or di- 
gastricus ; 2. masseter ; 3. temporalis ; 4. 
pterygoideus externus ; 5. pterygoideus in- 
ternus. 
