ANATOMY. 
ier is sent into the large intestine, from 
which it is expelled in the form of feces. 
The large intestine is a canal of about two 
or three inches in diameter, and seven feet 
in length. It is divided into the ccecum, 
colon, and rectum. The cmcum is a bag 
situated in the right groin, and receiving the 
termination of the ileum. The latter intes- 
tine enters in such a manner that the pas- 
sage of the aliment is allowed from it into 
the ccecum, but prevented from returning. 
The part which effects this is called the 
valvula coli. A small process, about equal 
in size to an earthworm, is connected to 
the ccecum. It is called appendix cceci ver- 
miformis, and its use is unknown. 
From the right groin the intestine ascends 
on the right side of the abdomen over the 
kidney, under the name of colon : it turns 
completely over the abdomen at the upper 
part, and descends along the left side to the 
left groin ; here it makes a large turn over 
the brim of the pelvis, and enters that cavity, 
where it takes the name of rectum, which 
terminates at the anus. We distinguish in 
the colon, the right or ascending portion • 
the middle or transverse arch ; the left Or 
descending ; and the sigmoid flexure. The 
right and left portions of this gut are closely 
bound down in their situations, by two por- 
tions of peritoneum, called ligamenta coli. 
The transverse arch has a broad process 
connected to it, by which it is loosely at- 
tached : this is called the mesocolon. 
The large intestines have a peritoneal, a 
muscular, and a villous coat ; but they have 
no valvufe conniventes. The longitudinal 
muscular fibres are collected into three 
bands, which being shorter than the rest of 
the intestine, occasion the other coats to be 
gathered up in folds between them, and 
thereby give the intestine a sacculated ap- 
pearance. 
The residue of the alimentary matter, 
which the large intestine receives from the 
small, is converted in the former canal into 
a substance of peculiar odour, colour, and 
consistence, called feces ; in which form it 
is expelled from the body. 
Parts subservient to the functions of the 
alimentary canal, and contained in the 
cavity of the abdomen. 
The liver is the largest glandular mass in 
the body, and is placed towards the right 
side of the epigastric region. Its thickest 
portion fills the right hypochondrium ; a 
thinner part of the gland extends across the 
middle of the epigastric region to the left 
hypochondrium. Its size is greater in propor- 
as the animal is younger. In the adult it is 
contained within the cartilages of the ribs ; 
but in the foetus it extends to the navel, and 
fills half the belly. Its upper surface is con- 
vex, and in close contact with the concave 
under surface of the diaphragm. Its under 
or concave surface rests chiefly on the 
stomach. It is divided into a right and left 
lobe, and lobulus spigelii. It has a posterior 
and thick, an anterior and thin margin. Its 
colour, in the most healthy state, is of a red- 
dish brown ; but it often deviates from this. 
Its weight, in an adult man of middling sta- 
ture, is about 3 pounds. It is connected to 
the diaphragm by four ligaments: viz. 1 . 
ligamentum latum, or suspensorium, which 
divides the right and left lobes from each 
other. The front edge of this part contains 
the fibrous remains of the umbilical cord 
of the foetus, which assuming the appearance 
of a round rope, is called the round ligament. 
2, 3. Ligamenta lateralia, or dextrum, et 
sinistrum. 4. Ligamentum coronarium. 
The liver is covered exteriorly by perito- 
neum, and there are certain fissures and 
excavations on its surface. 1, Fossa, for the 
gall-bladder, in the under surface of the right 
lobe. 2. Fissure on the antqriOr, thin mar- 
gin for the entrance of the umbilical vein. 
3, Porta', or large transverse notch, at 
which the blood-vessels enter, and from 
which the hepatic duct proceeds. 4. Notch 
for the inferior vena cava. 5. Excavation 
for the bodies of the vertebrae. 
The liver is composed of a tolerably 
firm and close substance, consisting of a 
closely united congeries of different ves- 
sels. These vessels are the vena porta- 
rum, the hepatic artery, the hepatjc veins, 
and the biliary ducts. The former vessel 
carries to the liver the blood which has cir- 
culated through the different abdominal 
viscera. It ramifies in the liver like an ar- 
tery, and the secretion of the bile is sup- 
posed to take place from the blood, which 
it conveys to the liver. The blood of this 
vein, as well as that brought by the hepatic 
artery, for the nourishment of the liver, is 
returned by the large hepatic veins to the 
inferior vena cava. The small branches of 
the hepatic duct which conveys the secreted 
bile from the liver, appear like small yellow 
pores, when a section of the liver is made, 
and hence they are called pori biliarii. 
The mesogaster or little omentum, is at- 
tached to the port® of the liver. The vena 
portarum, the biliary ducts, the hepatic 
artery, and the hepatic plexus of nerves, 
