ANATOMY. 
tube is just at the communication between 
the back of the nose and the pharynx. 
The filaments of the olfactory nerves, 
having penetrated the cribriform lamella, 
are distributed to the pituitary membrane 
that covers the septum nasi and superior 
turbinated bone. 
Several small branches from the fifth pair 
are also distributed on the nose, at different 
parts. 
ORGAN OF TASTE. 
It would be a waste of words to describe 
the situation and form of the tongue. This 
organ presents a most interesting subject 
to the physiologist, from the concern which 
it has in the functions of mastication, deglu- 
tition, and articulation, besides that it con- 
stitutes the organ of the sense of taste. 
Its bulk is made up of numerous muscles, 
which are distinct at their origin, but be- 
come mixed and confused at their insertion 
into the tongue. The union of these fibres 
with each other, and with the fatty sub- 
stance which connects them, constitutes the 
peculiar substance of the tongue. It is 
covered externally by a continuation of the 
common membrane of the mouth. This 
membrane, however, on the edges, tip, and 
upper surface of the organ, is covered with 
small projecting processes, called papilla 3 , 
in which the sense of taste resides. 
Towards the back of the tongue several 
mucous glands are found, with openings 
that would admit a bristle. These secrete 
a fluid to facilitate the passage of the food 
through the isthmus faucium. 
Next to these openings, and still at the 
posterior part of the organ, are found eight 
or ten large papillae, arranged in the form 
of the letter V, with the pointed part to- 
wards the throat. These are the papillae 
magnae, or capitatae. They consist of a 
round body, surrounded by a circular fold 
of membrane. These also are mucous 
glands. 
The most numerous class of papillae are 
those which occupy the sides and tip of the 
tongue. These are the smallest in size, so 
as to have been compared to the villi of the 
skin ; and conical in shape. They are called 
papillae conicae or villosae. Among these 
a few larger ones are scattered, the papilla; 
semilenticulares. 
The tongue receives three large nerves on 
each side; 1st, the glossopharyngeal branch 
of the eighth pair, distributed to the back of 
the tongue, and upper part of the pharynx : 
Sndly, the lingual nerve, or nerve of the 9th 
pair, which supplies the muscles-: and Srdly, 
the lingual branch of the inferior maxillary’ 
which goes to the papillae chiefly. 
ORGAN OF THE SENSE OF TOUCH. 
This sense may be considered, in the most 
enlarged acceptation of the term, as resid- 
ing in the surface of the body in general : in 
a more limited view, we regard the ends of 
the fingers as more particularly adapted, by 
their organization, for exploring the tangible 
properties of bodies. 
Ihe skin or exterior covering of the body, 
is divided into three layers ; viz. the cuticle, 
the rete mucosum, and the cutis. These 
parts are called the common integuments of 
the body. To them a fourth is sometimes 
added, viz. the adipous membrane. But 
although there is generally a layer of fat 
under the skin, this is not invariably the 
case. 
The cutis vera, or true skin, is a very dense 
and compact membrane, formed, as it were, 
by a general condensation of the cellular sub- 
stance on the surface of the body. It is thi* 
that forms leather, when subjected to the 
operation of tanning. Its thickness varies 
in different parts of the body. It possesses 
considerable elasticity, by virtue of which 
it yields to any distending power, and on 
the cessation of such force recovers its for- 
mer state. It has also a species of contrac- 
tility, which is evinced by its corrugation 
from cold. Its colour in the inhabitants of 
all countries is white. It possesses great 
vascularity, and has also an abundant supply 
of nerves, which bestow on it acute sensi- 
bility. It is thrown into folds in different 
parts of the body, in consequence of their 
motions on each other ; this may be parti- 
cularly observed in the hands and fingers. 
Its surface is also marked by lines, crossing 
and intersecting each other variously, and 
intercepting spaces of all shapes and de- 
scriptions. 
Such parts of the cutis as are the most 
highly organised, have numerous fine hair- 
like processes, called villi. These are more 
vascular than other parts, and receive also 
a more copious supply of nerves. Such 
parts enjoy a higher and more acute sensi- 
bility. This is the case with the ends of the 
fingers, which, both by their form and orga- 
nisation, are more especially fitted to act a* 
organs of touch. It is also observed in the 
lips, and in the glans penis. 
'I he rete mucosum is a soft mucous sub- 
stance, readily demonstrable in the negro, 
where it is thick and of a black colour, but 
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