ANATOMY. 
hardly discernible in the European. This 
is the seat of the colouring matter of the 
skin. 
The cuticle is a thin semitransparent 
covering, possessing no particular arrange- 
ment of parts, no vessels nor nerves. It ad- 
heres, however, closely to the subjacent 
parts, and is exactly moulded to the surface 
of the cutis. It is best seen after the action 
of a blister, when it is elevated by an effu- 
sion of fluid under it. In the dead body it 
may be separated from the cutis by putre- 
faction, or by immersion in hot water. In 
this way it may be removed, entire, from 
the hand and fingers, so as to resemble a 
glove. 
It forms an insensible medium, interposed 
between the nerves of the organ of touch 
and external objects : and as it covers the 
whole exterior of the body, our surface is 
actually dead. When removed from any 
part, it is speedily renewed by the cutis. Its 
thickness varies in different parts; being 
greatest where it is exposed to friction, as 
in the palms and soles. Its thickness is here 
also increased by friction, as we may ob- 
serve by contrasting the hand of a labourer 
with that of a person who does not use his 
hands in the same rough manner. 
It appears that the cuticle is impervious 
to fluids, as the serum contained in a blis- 
tered part does not transude ; neither does 
a dead body become dried while covered by 
this expansion ; but, when that is removed, 
it is speedily reduced by evaporation to a 
state of dryness. Yet it must be penetrated 
by the vessels in a living body, as is proved 
by the immense discharge both of sensible 
and insensible perspiration. Probably, also, 
the absorbents open on it by patulous ori- 
fices; for mercurial ointment, rubbed on the 
skin, affects the system. 
Sebacious glands are formed under the 
skin, in a few situations only, as about the 
nose and external ear. 
Hairs consist of an insensible excrescence 
produced from the cutis. Each hair grows 
from a small bulb, and is lengthened by 
means of additions made to it in the bulb. 
These bodies perforate the cuticle. 
Nails are portions of a horny substance, 
connected to the ends of the toes and fin- 
gers. Their surface corresponding to the 
back of the finger is convex, and tolerably 
smooth : the opposite part is laminated and 
concave. These laminae adhere to corres- 
ponding ones of the cutis. The integuments 
advance for some length over the root of 
the nail, so as to cover a considerable por- 
tion of it ; and the cuticle adheres closely 
to its surface. The nail grows like the hair, 
by additions from below. 
The account of the progress of the em- 
bryo after conception, or the description of 
the gravid uterus and its contents, together 
with the enumeration of those circumstances 
of anatomical structure, which are peculiar 
to the foetus, will be given under the article 
FffiTUS. 
EXPLANATION OF THE ANATOMICAL PLATES. 
Plate I. 
Fig. 1. A front view of the skeleton. 
1. The cranium. 
2. Os frontis. 
3. 3. The orbits. 
4. Upper jaw-bone. 
0. Teeth. 
6. Lower jaw-bone. 
7. The seven true ribs. 
8. The five false ribs. 
9. First bone of the sternum. 
10. Second bone of the sternum. 
11. Ensiform cartilage. 
12. The five lumbar vertebrae. 
13. Ilium, or haunch-bone. 
14. Os ischii. 
15. Os pubis. 
16. Os sacrum, or bone of the rump. 
17. Symphisis pubis. 
18. Thigh-bone. 
19. Head of the thigh-bone. 
20. Trochanter major. 
21. Patella, or knee-pan. 
22. 23. External and internal condyles of 
the thigh. 
24. Tibia. 
25. Fibula. 
26. Bones of the tarsus. 
27. Bones of the metatarsus. 
28. Bones of the toes. 
a. The clavicle, or collar-bone. 
b. Scapula, or shoulder-blade. 
c. Humerus, or bone of the arm. 
d. Ulna. 
c. Radius. 
f. First row or phalanx of carpal bones. 
g. Second row or phalanx of carpal bones 
h. Bones of the metacarpus. 
1. First phalanges of the fingers. 
k. Second phalanges of the fingers. 
l. Third phalanges. 
m. Three phalanges of the thumb. 
Fig. 2, View of the right ventricle and pul- 
monary artery laid open. 
These parts are marked A a in Plate VI. 
Fig. 1. 
