ANI 
To these we must add several solid bodies, 
which are occasionally formed in different 
cavities, in consequence of the deceased 
action of the parts. They may be called 
morbid concretions. The most remarkable 
of them are the following : 
1. Sajivary calculi 
2. Concretions in the lungs, liver, 
brain, &c. 
3. Intestinal calculi 
4. Biliary calculi 
5. Urinary calculi 
6. Gouty calculi. 
Animal substances, or those which have 
hitherto been detected in the animal king- 
dom, and of which the different parts of 
animals, as far as these have been analysed, 
are found to be composed, may be arranged 
under the following heads : 
1. Gelatine 
2. Albumen 
3. Mucus 
4. Fibrin 
6. Urea 
6. Saccharine matter 
7. Oils 
8. Resins 
9. Sulphur 
10. Phosphorus 
11. Acids 
12. Alkalies 
13. Earths 
14. Metals. 
See the several articles in their alphabetical 
order. 
Animal, functions of. See AssikiLA- 
tion, Digestion, Perspiration, Respi- 
ration, &c. 
Animals, generation of. See the article 
Generation. 
Animals in heraldry, are much used, 
both as bearings and supporters. It is to be 
observed, that in blazoning animals must be 
interpreted in the best sense, and so as to 
redound to the greatest honour of the bear- 
ers. For example, the fox being renowned 
for wit, and likewise given to filching for his 
prey ; if this be the charge of an escutcheon, 
we must conceive the quality represented to 
be his wit, and not his theft. All beasts must 
be figured in their most noble action ; as a 
lion rampant, a leopard or wolf passant, a 
horse running or vaulting, a greyhound 
coursing, a deer tripping, and a lamb going 
with a smooth pace. In like manner, every 
animal must he moving and looking to the 
right side of the shield, the right foot being 
ANI 
placed foremost. These are the precepts 
given by Guillim, and yet we find that there 
are lions passant, couchant, and dormant, as 
well as rampant. 
ANIMALCULE, an animal so minute in 
its size, as not to be the immediate object 
of our senses. 
Animalcules are usually divided into two 
distinct sections, visible, and microsopical. 
The first, though visible, cannot be accu- 
rately discerned without the help of glasses : 
the second are discoverable only by the 
microscope. Some have supposed there are 
others invisible. The existence of these 
cannot well be disputed, though it cannot 
be asserted, unless we conclude, that the 
microscope has not yet arrived at its highest 
degree of perfection. Reason and analogy 
give some support to the conjectures of na - 
turalists in this respect: animalcules are 
discerned of various sizes, from those which 
are visible to the naked eye, to such as ap- 
pear only like moving points under the mi- 
croscopic lenses of the greatest powers; 
and it is not unreasonable to imagine, there- 
fore, that there are others which may still 
resist the action of the microscope, as the 
fixed stars do that of the telescope, with 
the greatest powers hitherto invented. 
Animalcules, visible; amongst these are 
included an amazing variety of creatures, 
by no means of analagous natures. Those 
numerous creatures which crowd the water 
in the summer months, changing it some- 
times of a deep or pale red colour, green, 
yellow, &e. are of this description. The 
large kinds are chiefly of the insect, or ver- 
mes tribes, and of which the monoculus pu- 
lex is particularly remarkable, being some- 
times found in such abundance, as to change 
the water apparently to a deep red. A si- 
milar appearance is likewise occasioned by 
the circaria mutabilis, when it varies in co- 
lour from green to red ; vorticella fascicu- 
lata also changes it to green ; and rotatoria 
to yellow. To this section we must also re- 
fer many of the acarns and hydrachna ge- 
nera, and a multitude of other creatures that 
will be noticed hereafter. 
Animalcules, microscopical. The micro- 
scope discovers legions of animalcules in 
most liquors, as water, vinegar, beer, dew, 
&c. They are also found in rain and several 
chalybeate waters, and in infusions of both 
animal and vegetable substances, as the se- 
minal fluids of animals, pepper, oats, wheat 
and other grain, tea, &c. &c. The contem- 
plation of animalcules has made the ideas of 
infinitely small bodies extremely familiar to 
