ANTIQUITIES. 
Lincoln, thence to Carlisle, and into Scot- 
land, the name being supposed to be cor- 
rupted from Herman, which means warrior, 
as the chief wars lay in the north. The 
Fosse Way is supposed to have led from 
Bath and the western regions, N. E. till it 
joined the Ermin-street. The last cele- 
brated road was the Ikenild, or Ikneld, sup- 
posed to have extended from near N orwicb, 
S. W. into Dorsetshire. The Saxon anti- 
quities in England are chiefly edifices, sa- 
cred or secular; many churches remain, 
which were altogether, or for the most part, 
constructed in the Saxon period, and some 
are extant of the tenth, or perhaps the ninth 
century. The vaults erected by Grimbald, 
at Oxford, in the reign of Alfred, are justly 
esteemed curious relics of Saxon architec- 
ture. Mr. King has ably illustrated the re- 
mains of the Saxon castles. The oldest 
seem to consist of one solitary tower, square 
or hexagonal : one of the rudest specimens 
is Coningsburg Castle, in Yorkshire ; but as 
that region was subject to the Danes till the 
middle of the tenth century, it is probably 
Danish. Among the smaller remains of 
Saxon art, may be mentioned the shrines 
for preserving relics, which some suppose 
to present the diminutive rudiments of what 
is styled the Gothic architecture ; and the 
illuminated manuscripts, which often afford 
curious memorials of the state of manners 
and knowledge. The Danish power in 
England, though of considerable duration in 
the north, was in the south brief and transi- 
tory. The camps of that nation were cir- 
cular, like those of the Belg® and Saxons, 
while those of Roman armies are known by 
the square form : and it is believed, that the 
only distinct relics of the Danes are some 
castles to the north of the Humber, and a 
few stones with Runic inscriptions. The 
monuments styled Norman, rather to dis- 
tinguish their epoch than from any informa- 
tion that Norman architects were employed, 
are reputed to commence after the conquest, 
and to extend to the fourteenth century, 
when what is called the rich Gothic began 
to appear, which in the sixteenth century 
was supplanted by the mixed, and this in its 
turn yielded to the Grecian. In general the 
Norman style far exceeds the Saxon in the 
size of the edifices, and the decoration of 
the parts. The churches become more ex-, 
tensive and lofty, and though the windows 
retain the circular arch, they are larger and 
more diversified ; the circular doors are fes- 
tooned with more freedom and elegance ; and 
uncouth animals begin to yield to wreaths 
of leaves and flowers. The solitary keep, 
or tower, of the Saxon castle is surrounded 
with a double wall, inclosing courts and 
dwellings of large extent, defended by tur- 
rets and double ditches, with a separate 
watch-tower, called the Barbican. Among 
others, the cathedrals of Durham and Win- 
chester may be mentioned as venerable mo- 
numents of Anglo-Norman architecture ; and 
the castles are numerous and well known. 
What is called the Gothic, or pointed arch, 
is generally supposed to have first appeared 
in the thirteenth century, and in the next it 
became universal in religious edifices. The 
windows diffused to gFeat breadth and lofti- 
ness, and divided into branching interstices, 
enriched with painted glass ; the clustering 
pillars, of excessive height, spreading into 
various fret-work on the roof, constitute, 
with decorations of smaller note, what is 
called the rich Gothic style, visible in the 
chapel of King’s college, at Cambridge, and 
many other grand specimens in this king- 
dom. The spire corresponds with the inte- 
rior, and begins about the thirteenth century 
to rise boldly from the ancient tower, and 
diminish from the sight in a gradation of 
pinnacles and ornaments. 
We now proceed to Scotland, the origi- 
nal population of which is supposed upon 
good authority to consist of Cimbri, from 
the Cimbric Chersonese. About two cen- 
turies before the Christian aera, the Cimbri 
seem to have been driven to the south of 
Scotland by the Caledonians or Pieti, a 
Gothic colony from Norway. The Cimbri, 
a congenerous people with the Welch, con- 
tinued to hold the country south of the two 
firths of Forth and Clyde ; but from the 
former region they were soon expelled by 
the Picti, who, in this corner, became sub- 
ject for a time to the_Anglo-Saxon kings of 
Bernicia. On the west, the Cumraig king- 
dom of Strath Clyde continued till the 
tenth century, when it became subject to 
the kings of North Britain; who at the 
same time extended their authority, by the 
permission of the English monarchs, over 
the counties of Cumberland and West mo re, 
land, which abounding with hills and for- 
tresses on the south and east, were little ac- 
cessible to the English power ; and while 
the Danes possessed the country to the 
north of Humber, could yield little revenue 
or support to the Anglo-Saxon monarchs. 
From the Picti originates the population of 
the Lowlands of Scotland ; the Lowlanders 
having been in all ages a distinct people 
from those of the western Highlands, though 
