ANT 
them has been collected by Turner and 
Strutt. The best collection of Saxon coins 
is in the British Museum, and of manu- 
scripts in the same place and in the Bodlei- 
an Library. Mr. King has treated of their 
military antiquities in his History of Cas- 
tles ; and independently of our works on to- 
pography which are numerous, and many of 
them of the first respectability, and which 
throw considerable light on the antiquities 
of the country, we may refer to Henry’s 
History of England, where the subject is 
discussed systematically and in chronolo- 
gical order ; and to the works of Camden, 
Strutt, and Gough, to which may be added 
the whole series of the Gentleman’s Maga- 
zine, and Pinkerton’s Geography, to which 
we have been indebted for a part of this 
article. 
As the antiquities of the united kingdom 
are in some respects connected with those 
of the Danes and other northern nations, 
we may suggest to the reader what are the 
principal remains of those people, as a clue 
to his future inquiries. 
The ancient monuments of Denmark and 
Norway are chiefly Kunic, though it is far 
from certain at what period the use of Ru- 
nic characters extended so far north. Cir- 
cles of upright stones are common in all the 
Danish dominions, the islands, Norway and 
Iceland, in which latter country their origin 
is perfectly ascertained, as some were erect- 
ed even in recent times of the Icelandic 
republic, being called domh-ring, or circles 
of judgment. Some also appear to have 
been the cemeteries of superior families. 
Monuments also occur of two upright stones 
with one across ; and of the other forms 
supposed to be Druidic. The residences of 
the chiefs appear to have been generally 
constructed of wood ; as there are very few 
ancient castles existing in Denmark or 
Norway. 
Of Sweden the ancient monuments con- 
sist chiefly of judicial circles and other 
erections of unhewn stone, together with 
remains inscribed with Runic characters, 
none of which are imagined to have existed 
longer than the eleventh century. 
In Russia, the ancient monuments are 
neither numerous nor afford much variety. 
There are to be met with the tombs of their 
pagan ancestors, containing weapons and or- 
naments. From the writings of Herodotus 
we learn that the Scythians regarded the 
cemeteries of their princes with singular ve- 
neration ; the Salinations or Slavons seem 
to have imbibed the same ideas. The ca- 
catombs of Kio.w, it is believed, were form- 
ANT 
ed in the pagan period, though they are 
now replete with marks of Christianity. 
They are labyrinths of considerable extent, 
dug, as it should seem, through a mass of 
hardened clay, but they do not appear to 
contain the bodies of the sovereigns. The 
idols of Pagan Russia are sometimes found 
cast in bronze ; and Dr. Guthrie has given 
a good account of the Slavonic mythology, 
to whose “ Dissertations sur les Antiquites 
de Russie,” we refer the reader. We may 
however observe, that the pagan Russians 
worshipped one god, supposed to be au- 
thor of thunder; another, that resembled 
the Pan of the ancients ; others, answering 
to the Sun, Hercules, Mars, Venus, and 
Cupid. They had also goddesses corres- 
ponding with Ceres, Diana, and Pomona, 
and their nymphs of the woods and waters. 
They worshipped Znitch or Vesta in the 
form of fire, and venerated waters, the Bog 
being as highly regarded by the ancient Rus- 
sians as the Ganges among the Indians : the 
Don and the Danube were also considered 
as holy streams ; and there w'as a sacred 
lake, environed with a thick forest, in the 
isle of Rugen, which was adored by the 
Sclavonic tribes. 
ANTIRRHINUM, snapdragon, toad- 
flax, in botany, a genus of the Didynamia 
Angiosperma. Calyx five-parted ; corol 
with a hecteriferous prominence at its base, 
pointing downwards ; the orifice closed and 
furnished with a cloven convex palate : cap- 
sule two-celled. This genus is separated 
into five divisions, viz. A. leaves angular ; 
capsules many valved. B. leaves opposite; 
capsules many valved. C. leaves alternate ; 
capsules many valved. D. corols without 
spur ; capsules perforated with three pores. 
E. leaves pinnatifid There are 12 species 
of the first division ; nearly 40 of the second 
division ; 11 of the third ; 7 of the fourth ; 
and 2 of the last. 
ANTISTROPHE,' in grammar, a figure 
by which two things mutually dependent 
on one another, are reciprocally converted. 
As the servant of the master, and the master 
of the servant. 
Antistrophe, among lyric poets, that 
part of a song and dance in use among the 
ancients, which was performed before the 
altar, in retaining from west to east, in op- 
position to strophe. See the articles Stro- 
phe and Ode. 
ANTITHESIS, in rhetoric, a contrast 
drawn between two things, which thereby 
serve as shades to set off the opposite quali- 
ties of each other. 
The poets, historians, and orators inj- 
