■which he has acquired great reputation, and 
is justly styled the modern Vitruvius. Fol- 
lowing the steps of Brunelleschi, he reform- 
ed by his precepts «nd designs many of the 
abuses and barbarous practices which then 
prevailed among his countrymen. 
Bramante had a considerable share in the 
restoration of ancient art, and built many 
magnificent edifices. Pope Julius II. having 
projected the' rebuilding of St. Peter’s upon 
a scale of unequalled magnificence, entrust- 
ed the execution of the design, loio, f° 
Bramante, who conceived the idea of erect- 
ing the lofty cupula upon that immense 
structure. This vast undertaking was car- 
ried on successively by Raphael, San Gallo, 
and Michael Angelo, to whom the final de- 
sign and completion of the work is princi- 
pally due. 
Architecture continued to flourish in the 
16th century, under the great architects 
Vignola, Serlio, Palladio, and Scamozzi. 
To the unremitted assiduity of these dis- 
tinguished artists in the study of the Ro- 
man edifices, and to their invaluable publi- 
cations, tire world has been much indebted 
for the elucidation of the principles of an- 
cient art. 
The list of the celebrated Italian artists 
closes with Bernini, who flourished in the 
17th century. 
The Grecian style of building was re- 
vived in Prance in the beginning of the 16th 
century, and afterwards flourished under 
several architects of distinguished merit. 
Their principal works are the palace of Ver- 
sailles, St. Cyr, the church of Invalids, the 
facade of the Louvre, a most beautiful mo- 
dern structure, the Porte St. Denis, and 
the church of Genevieve, the present Pan- 
theon. 
Grecian architecture was restored in 
England under the celebrated Inigo Jones, 
born 1572. His distinguished works at 
Greenwich, Whitehall, and Covent Garden, 
will ever secure him a name among the ar- 
chitects of the highest reputation. 
Sir Christopher Wren, an eminent ma- 
thematician and philosopher, as well as an 
architect of the first rank, has executed 
many of the finest buildings in London and 
other parts of England, in the modern style. 
St. Paul’s cathedral, inferior to none but 
St. Peter’s, in point of magnitude, but per- 
haps superior both in skilful construction 
and figuration, will perpetuate his name to 
the latest posterity. The exterior dome of 
St. Paul’s is constructed of wood, and sus- 
tained by a cone of 18-inch brick-wotk, 
which also supports the lantern above. 
The interior dome is also constructed or 
18-inch brick-work, which had a course the 
whole thickness for every five feet, and the 
intermediate parts had two bricks in length 
in the thickness. This dome was turned 
upon a centre which supported itself with- 
out any standards from below. Prom the 
inclined position of its supporting walls it 
had little or no transverse pressure, yet, 
for the greater security, it was hooped with 
iron at the bottom. This is accurately re- 
presented in Gwyn’s Section. 
Though modern architecture is, for the 
far greater part, indebted to the const! uc - 
tions and decorations of Grecian and Ro- 
man edifices ; yet we still retain consider- 
able traces of the Gothic style in many ot 
our buildings. 
The spire is of Gothic invention ; it is 
imitated in our churches and some other 
buildings, by erecting one, or two, or a se- 
ries of Grecian temples over each other ; 
every superior one being less in its horizon- 
tal dimensions than that immediately below. 
Frustrums of pyramids and cones are also 
the ornaments of our steeples ; but whether 
the component parts be one, two, or a se- 
ries of temples, continually diminished, or 
temples supporting truncated pyramids, the 
general contour of the aggregate is still py- 
ramidal. 
The plans of Grecian buildings were sim- 
ple geometrical forms ; but these ot our 
structures are symmetrical and complex fi- 
gures, more in imitation of those of the Ro- 
mans. . 
The materials used in our modern build- 
ings are stone, brick, and timber. In rus- 
tic buildings the stones are either laid dry 
or with mortar. In finished edifices, the 
stones of the facings are squared and laid in 
mortar, and the backs and cores are most 
genei ally made up with brick or ruble. 
Walls constructed entirely of squared stone* 
are rare ; for, allowing the materials may 
be easily procured in great abundance, a 
vast expense will be incurred by enormous 
additional workmanship. This construction 
of willing is therefore seldom or never 
used, but in aquatic buildings, where the 
greatest strength is frequently necessary. 
The French have not only shewn much 
ingenuity in the binding and cemerting of 
walls, but also in the cutting ot stones with 
geometrical exactness, so as to fit vaulted 
surfaces of variously formed figures. 
