ARCHITECTURE. 
Iron is used for cramping stones, some- 
times in binding the face and back of a wail 
together, when there is little heart. In 
domes it is frequently used in circular 
chains, in order to remove lateral pressure, 
and make the weight of the superstructure 
act peipendicularly upon the supports. It 
is also used in fastening wood together, and 
wood to stone work. 
i imber is used also as ligatures to walls : 
in this situation it is called bond timber, 
which also serves for securing the internal 
finishings. Timber is frequently used in 
foundations, in floors, in roofing, in internal 
finishing, & c. Timber, besides being used 
in bond, flooring, and roofing, in conjunc- 
tion with stone or brick work, is sometimes 
used as the only materia!, excepting the 
chimnies, nails, and other iron fastenings. 
Mouldings. In architectural decorations, 
the materials are formed into a variety of 
suapes ; which have in any two places sec- 
tions or equal and similar figures, at right 
angles to their surface, in these two places ; 
thm forms of this property are called mould- 
ings. 
When tlie section is semicircular, or semi- 
elliptical, it j£ called a torus or astragal ; 
when large, it is called a torus ; and when 
small, an astragal. 
When the section is a concave curve, and 
when the concavity recedes beyond either 
of the extremities of the curve, the moulding 
is ('ailed a scotia or trochilus. 
When the section is concave, one extre- 
mity being above the other, and the upper 
extremity projecting out beyond the lower, 
and when the lower extremity recedes from 
a vertical line equal to the greatest recess of 
the concavity, or more, the moulding is 
called a cavetto. 
When the section is a convex curve, with 
one extremity below the other, and the 
upper extremity projecting farther than the 
lower, without any part of the convexity 
being lower than the lower extremity of 
the section, the moulding is called an ovolo 
or echinus, 
When the section is a curve of contrary 
flexure, like a fiat S, the moulding is called 
an ogee ; and when the concave part of the 
ogee projects, and the convex part recedes, 
the ogee in this position is called a sima 
recta ; but when the parts lie the contrary 
way, it is called a sima inversa. 
When the section is straight, and is either 
perpendicular to the horizon, or nearly so, 
then the flat member is called a fillet, plat- 
band, or facia, according to its breadth and 
comparison with other contiguous mould- 
ings. 
When it is very narrow, and either 
crowns an upper moulding, or divides one 
member from another, it is called a fillet, or 
listello ; when it is broader, it is called a 
plat-band or plinth ; and when very broad 
it is called a facia or face. 
Compound Mouldings. When one, two, 
or a collection of mouldings, with or with- 
out fillets, crown a broad flat member, this 
collection is called a cymatium. Other 
names are particularly applied to the or- 
ders, and are explained under that head. 
ORDERS OF ARCHITECTURE. 
An order is a decorated imitation of those 
pi imiti ve huts, which consisted of rows of 
posts, made of the trunks of trees, disposed 
in the ground around a quadrangular plat ; 
and supporting a covering, which consisted 
of tour lintelling beams, placed on the top 
of the posts, with other transverse beams, 
supported again by two of the opposite lin- 
tels ; and lastly, of three rows of transverse 
timbers supporting each other, and the low- 
ermost supported by the ends of the trans- 
verse beams on each side, in parallel in* 
elined planes, rising from the ends of the 
transverse beams, till each plane of timbers 
on toe one side, met its corresponding plane 
on the other; the lowermost timbers on 
each side, being disposed in pairs, in the 
same vertical planes with the transverse 
beams, forming the sides of a triangle, and 
projecting beyond the lintels, and the up- 
permost inclined planes of timbers, serving 
to fix the covering of tyle or stone. From 
this simple construction arose the first or- 
der of architecture, called 
Doric Order. The columns were imitated 
from the wooden posts tapering upwards, as 
trees do by nature; and placed upon a 
stone base to prevent them from sinking ; 
vertical channels, or flutes, were cut in the 
shafts, to hold the spears, or staves, which 
the early Greeks carried along with them. 
The capital was formed by circular stones, 
laid on the tops of the columns, and square 
ones again upon these, to protect the shafts 
from rain, and to receive the lintelling beam, 
which became the architrave : the ends of 
the joists over the architrave were not in 
vertical channels, froming the triglyphs, for 
preventing the rain from adhering to them. 
The cornice was formed by the projecting 
timbers of the roof; the ends of the bottom 
tier of these timbers forming the mutates 
the lower sides of which, as well as the un- 
