ARCHITECTURE. 
Ol der. In the former the scotice are invert- 
ed, which gives a greater variety in the pro- 
file than when both stand in the same posi- 
tion as in the Vitruvian base. The Ionians, 
besides the base which they appropriated to 
this order, sometimes used the Attic base 
also, as in the temple of Bacchus at Teos. 
This base seems not only to have been the 
most favourite one among the ancients, but 
is likewise so among the moderns. It is not 
so heavy in the upper part as that denomi- 
nated Ionic ; its contour is pleasing, and its 
general appearance elegant. In the capi- 
tals of the Athenian Ionics, and in that of 
Minerva Polias at Priene, the lower edge 
of the canal between the volutes is formed 
into a graceful curve, bending downward in 
the middle, and revolving round the spirals 
which form the volute upon each side. In the 
temple of Erectheus and Minerva Polias at 
Athens each volute has two channels, formed 
by two spiral borders, and a spiral division 
between them. The border which forms 
the exterior of the volute, and that which 
forms the under side of the lower canal, 
leaves between them a deep recess, or spi- 
ral groove, which continually diminishes in 
its breadth till it is entirely lost on the side 
of the eye. In the example of the temple 
of Erectheus, the column is terminated with 
a fillet and astragal a little below the lower 
edges of the volutes, and that of Minerva 
Polias in the same manner with a single 
fillet ; and the colorino or neck of each is 
charged with beautiful honeysuckles, formed 
alike in alternate succession, but differing 
from each other in any two adjacent ones. 
The upper annular moulding of the column 
is of a semicircular section, and embellished 
with a guilloche. The echinus, astragal, 
and fillet, are common to both Grecian and 
Roman Ionic capitals, and the echinus is 
uniformly cut into eggs, surrounded with 
borders of angular sections, and into tongues 
between every two borders. The astragal 
is formed into a row of beads, with two 
small ones between every two large ones. 
These mouldings are cut in a similar manner 
in all the Roman buildings, except the Coli- 
seum, and what relates to the taste of the 
foliage. In the temple of Bacchus at Teos, 
the great theatre at Laodicea, and in all the 
Roman Ionics, the channel connecting the 
.two volutes is not formed with a border on 
the lower edge, but is terminated with a 
horizontal line, which falls a tangent to the 
second revolution of each volute at tire 
commencement of this revolution. The 
reader will find the description of the volute 
among the descriptions of the plates. When 
columns are introduced in the flanks of a 
building as well as in the front, one of the ca- 
pitals ofeachangular column is made to face 
both the contiguous sides of the building, with 
two volutes upon each side, projecting the 
two adjacent volutes by bending them in a 
concave curve towards the angle ; as in the 
temple of Bacchus at Teos, of Minerva 
Polias at Priene, of Erectheus, and that on 
the Ilyssus at Athens, as also that of the 
Manly Fortune at Rome. The capitals of 
all the columns are sometimes made to face 
the four sides of the abacus alike on each 
side, as in the temple of Concord at Rome, 
from which example the Scammozzian capi- 
tal was formed. The ancients employed 
this order in temples dedicated to Juno, 
Bacchus, Diana, and other deities, whose 
character held a medium between the se- 
vere and the effeminate ; and the moderns 
employ it in churches consecrated to female 
saints in a matronal state ; also in courts of 
justice, seminaries, libraries, and other 
structures which have a relation to the arts. 
Corinthian Order. The invention of this 
order was attributed to the one Callima- 
chus, an Athenian sculptor, who passing by 
the tomb of a young lady observed an 
acanthus growing up by the sides of a bas- 
ket, which was covered with a tile and 
placed upon the tomb ; and that the tops ot 
the leaves were bent downwards by the 
resistance of the tyle ; took the hint and ex- 
ecuted some columns with foliated capitals, 
near Corinth, which were made still of a 
more slender proportion than the Ionic, 
imitating the figure and delicacy of virgins. 
Vitruvius mentions that the shafts of Corin- 
thian columns have the same symmetry as 
the Ionic, and that the difference of the 
symmetry between tiie entire columns arises 
only from the difference of the heights of 
their capitals ; the Ionic being one thud, 
and the Corinthian the whole diameter of 
the shaft, which, therefore, makes the height 
of the Corinthian two thirds of a diameter 
more than that of the Ionic ; hence, as he 
has allowed the Ionic to be eight diameters, 
the Corinthian will be eight and two thirds. 
The sides of the abacus of the Corinthian 
capital are concave, and moulded on the 
fronts. 
The lower part of the capital consists of 
two rows of leaves, and each row of eight 
plants; one of the upper leaves fronting 
each side of the abacus, and the stalk of 
