ARCHITECTURE. 
columns of fewer diameters are ; this absur- 
dity will more readily appear when the parts 
of both orders are made of the same 
altitudes. 
'lhe Corinthian order is appropriate for 
all buildings in which magnifieience, ele- 
gance, and gaiety, are requisite ; it was em- 
ployed by the ancients in temples dedicated 
to Venus, Flora, Proserpine, and also to the 
nymphs of the fountains ; being the most 
splendid of all the orders, and bearing the 
most affinity to foliages, flowers, and volutes, 
which suited the delicacy and elegance of 
these deities. 
Its splendor also recommends it in the 
decorations of palaces, squares, galleries, 
theatres, banqueting-rooms, and other places 
consecrated to festive mirth or convivial re- 
creation ; it is likewise employed in churches 
dedicated to saint Mary, and other virgin 
saints. 
Tuscan Order. There are no ancient re- 
mains of any entire order of this kind ; the 
columns of Trajan and Antonine, and one 
at Constantinople, being defective from the 
want of their entablatures. We have the 
description of Vitruvius to the following 
purpose : the column is seven diameters in 
height, and is diminished at the top a fourth 
part of a diameter; their bases have a cir- 
cular plinth, and are in height half a diame- 
ter, which is divided into two parts, giving 
one to the altitude of the plinth, and one to 
the torus. The capital has also half a dia- 
meter in height, and one in the breadth of 
its abacus. The height of the capital is 
divided into three parts, one of which is 
given to tire plinth or abacus, one to the 
echinus, and the third to the hypotrachelian 
with the apophygis: the architrave is 'made 
with its vertrjcal faces over the edge of the 
column, at the 1 neck of the capital, in two 
thicknesses, in its horizontal dimension, with 
a space of two digits or li inch between, 
for the admission of air to prevent the beams 
from rotting, and joined together with mor- 
tise and tenon. Over the beams and over 
the walls the mutules are projected a fourth 
part of the height of the columns, and an- 
tepagments are fixed to their fronts. A 
correct specimen of Tuscan architecture 
may be seen in St. Paul’s, Covent Garden ; 
the work of the most distinguished Inigo 
Jones. This order is proper for all rustic 
structures. 
Roman Order. The character of this as 
an order is indicated by its capital; the 
upper part of which being an entire Ionic 
capital of that species, which fronts the four 
sides of the column alike, and the lower 
part consisting of two rows of leaves as in 
the Corinthian capital. Vitruvius speaks of 
various capitals derived from that of the 
Corinthian; but does not distinguish co- 
lumns with such capitals supporting an en- 
tablature by the name of an order ; indeed, 
he expressly says that they do not belong to 
any species of columns. Serlio was the 
first who added a fifth order by compound- 
ing columns similar to that of the Arch of 
Titus, with the entablature of the upper- 
most order of the Coloseum. More recent 
authors have, for the greater part, either 
adopted the entablature of the frontispiece 
of Nero, which was supported by Corinthian 
columns, or have brought in adventitious 
parts of other orders, by introducing the 
denticulated band of the Ionic with its 
cymatium between the modillions and the 
cymatium of the frize. It is something 
remarkable that the columns of Roman 
buildings, with compounded capitals, sup- 
port for the greater part, Corinthian enta- 
blatures : the columns of the arches of Sep- 
timius Severus, and of the Goldsmiths, sup- 
port Ionic entablatures ; and those of the 
temple of Bacchus even support an entabla- 
ture with what we now call a Tuscan cor- 
nice. In short Rome affords no example of 
a Composite order, with a similar cornice to 
any one found in the works of any distin- 
guished modern author, except Vignola who 
crowns his entablature with a bold Ionic 
cornice. The capital of this order is more 
bold and massive in its parts than that of 
the Corinthian, the proportion of the other 
members should be corresponding thereto, 
and therefore more appropriate cornice than 
that of the frontispiece of N ero can hardly 
be applied : the modillions are very charac- 
teristic-, but the denticulated band, shewn 
in a modern work, should be omitted, and 
for this reason also the shaft of the columns 
should be a medium between those of the 
Ionic and Corinthian, though the very re- 
verse has been assigned to it. 
The medallions employed in this order 
differ from the Corinthian : they are more 
massy, being composed of two faces, and 
a cymatium like an architrave. The Ro- 
mans decorated their Composite capitals 
with acanthus leaves, and the same prac- 
tice is followed by the moderns. The pro- 
portions will be fully understood in those of 
the Ionic and Corinthian orders. It is pro- 
bable that the Romans employed the Com- 
posite order in their triumphal arches, and 
other buildings, to commemorate their vie- 
