ARCHITECTURE, 
with Ionic or Corinthian, or with an Ionic 
architrave cornice ; and the Termini with 
an entablature of any of the three Grecian 
orders, according as they themselves are 
decorated. Male figures may be intro- 
duced with propriety in arsenals or galleries 
of armour ; in guard rooms, and other mili- 
tary places, where they might represent the 
figures of captives, or else of martial vir- 
tues, such as Strength, Valour, Wisdom, 
Prudence, Fortitude, and the like. As 
these figures should be of a striking charac- 
ter, they may be of any colossal size that 
will agree with the architecture of the other 
parts of the buildings. In composing Ca- 
ryatides, the most graceful attitudes and 
pleasant features should be chosen : and to 
prevent stiffness, their drapery and features 
should be varied from each other, in the dif- 
ferent figures of the range ; yet a general 
form of figure should be preserved through- 
out the whole of them. 
Caryatides should always be of a mode- 
rate size, otherwise they might appear hi- 
deous to the fair sex, and destroy those en- 
dearments, so fascinating in the sex repre- 
sented by them. They may be employed, 
as Le Clerc observes, to sustain the cover- 
ing of a throne, and represented under the 
figures and symbols of heroic virtues : if to 
adorn a sacred building, they must have an 
affinity to religion ; and when placed in 
banqueting rooms, ball-rooms, or other 
apartments of recreation, they should be of 
kinds proper to inspire mirth and promote 
festivity. As Termini are susceptible of a 
variety of decorations, they may be em- 
ployed as embellishments for gardens and 
fields, representing Jupiter as protector of 
boundaries, or some of the rural deities, as 
Pan, Flora, Pomona, Vertumnus, Ceres, 
Priapus, Faunus, Sylvanus, Nymphs, and 
Satyrs. 
They are also much employed in chimney- 
pieces, and other interior compositions. 
Orders above Orders. When two or more 
orders are placed one above the other, the 
laws of solidity require that the strongest 
should be placed lowermost • and also, that 
their axes should be in the same vertical 
lines. When the columns of the orders are 
of the same diameter, their altitudes in- 
crease from the Tuscan, Doric, and Ionic to 
the Corinthian, and consequently in this 
progression : the Tuscan is stronger than 
the Doric, the Doric stronger than the Ionic, 
and the Ionic stronger than the Corinthian; 
therefore if the Doric be the lowest order, 
the Ionic is the succeeding order ; and if 
there be a third order, the Corinthian is in 
consequence the next. But since the dif- 
ferent stories of a building should rather be 
of a decreasing progression upwards than 
even of an equal altitude to each other, it 
follows that the superior columns should 
not only be diminished in order to lessen 
the insisting weight from the inferior, but 
also to accommodate the heights of win- 
dows. 
The rule given by Vitruvius (b. v. c. 7.) 
for placing one order above another, is to 
make the columns of the superior order a 
fourth part less in height than those of the 
inferior. 
Scamozzi’s rule is to make the diameter at 
the bottom of the shaft of the superior or- 
der equal to the upper diameter of the in- 
ferior order. 
Let us now suppose that the Ionic of nine 
diameters is to be raised upon the Doric of 
eight diameters as in the Roman Doric ; 
according to the rule given by Vitruvius, 
the bottom diameter of the Ionic will be § 
of that of the Doric, a quantity much less 
than is to be found in any ancient or mo- 
dem example of the diminution of the Do- 
ric shaft ; which diminution is the lower 
diameter of the superior order by Scamozzi’s 
rule. 
In insulated columns, when the diminu- 
tion of the superior order is very great, the 
intercolumn becomes so wide, and the enta- 
blature so small, and consequently weaker, 
that it is in danger of breaking ; and if a 
third range is added, this defect must be in- 
creased. The Vitruvian rule is therefore 
not so applicable as the Scamozzian, which, 
for the above reasons, is universally esteem- 
ed the best, and is the same as if the several 
shafts had been cut out from one long ta- 
pering tree ; on the other hand, when the 
diminution of the inferior diameter of the 
superior order is too little or nothing, the 
columns will not only be too high for the 
windows, but the lower order will be loaded 
with unnecessary weight. Let the stronger 
order be made the superior ; for example, 
let the Doric be placed upon the Ionic, and 
allowing the shaft of it to diminish five-sixths 
of its bottom diameter, the height of the 
Doric column will be only 6| diameters of 
the Ionic below : this would not only make 
a complete Attic of the Doric, but would 
render the application of the orders in this 
inverted way useless, as they could not be 
made to accommodate the stories of the 
building, nor could the upper ranges sup- 
Y 2 
