SSP 8 
ARITHMETIC. 
quite familiar. If the learner can readily 
add any two digits lie will soon add a digit 
to a higher number with equal ease. It is 
only to add the unit place of that number 
to the digit, and if it exceed ten, it raises 
the amount accordingly. Thus, because 8 
and 6 are 14, 48 and 6 are 54. It will be pro- 
per to mark down under the sums of each 
column, in a small hand, the figure that is 
carried to the next column. This prevents 
the trouble of going over the whole opera- 
tion again, in case of interruption or mis- 
take. If you want to keep the account 
clean, mark down the sum and figure you 
carry on a separate paper, and after revising 
them, transcribe the sum only. After some 
practice we ought to acquire the habit of 
adding two or more figures at one glance. 
This is particularly useful when two figures 
which amount to 10, as 6 and 4, or 7 and 3, 
stand together in the column. Every opera- 
tion in arithmetic ought to be revised, to 
prevent mistakes ; and as one is apt to fall 
into the same mistake if he revise it in the 
same manner he performed it, it is proper 
either to alter the order, or else to trace 
back the steps by which the operation 
advanced, which will lead us at last to the 
number we began with. When the given 
number consists of articles of different value, 
as pounds, shillings, and pence, or the like, 
which are called different denominations, 
the operations in arithmetic must be regu- 
lated by the value of the articles. Wc shall 
give here a few of the most useful tables 
for the learner’s information, referring for 
other information to the articles, Measures, 
Weights, &c. 
I. STERLING MONEY. 
4 Farthings = 1 penny, marked d. 
12 Pence 1 shilling, s. 
20 Shillings = 1 pound, £. 
II. TROY WEIGHT. 
24 Grains = 1 pennyweight, dwt. 
20 Pennyweights = 1 ounce, oz. 
12 Ounces =; 1 pound, lb. 
III. AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. 
16 Drams = 1 ounce, oz. 
16 Ounces = 1 pound, lb. 
18 Pounds = 1 quarter, qr. 
4 Quarters = 1 hundred weight, C. 
20 Hundred weight =r 1 ton, T. * 
IV. ENGLISH DRY MEASURE. 
2 Pints = 1 quart. 
4 Quarts = 1 gallon. 
2 Gallons = 1 peck. 
4 Pecks = 1 bushel. 
8 Bushels = 1 quarter. 
V. LONG MEASURE. 
12 Inches = 1 foot. 
3 Feet = 1 yard. 
5\ Yards = 1 pole. 
40 Poles = 1 furlong. 
8 Furlongs = 1 mile. 
3 Miles — 1 league. 
VI. ENGLISH LAND MEASURE. 
30i Square yards = 1 pole or perch. 
40 Poles == 1 rood. 
4 Hoods — 1 acre. 
VII. CLOTH MEASURE. 
2,- Inches = 1 nail. 
4 Nails = 1 quarter. 
4 Quarters = 1 yard. 
5 Quarters = 1 English ell. 
Rule for Compound Addition. Arrange like 
quantities under like, and carry according 
to the value of the higher place. When 
you add a denomination which contains 
more columns than one, and from which 
you carry to the higher by 20, 30, or any 
even number of tens, first add the units of 
that column and mark down their sum, car- 
rying the tens to the next column; then 
add the tens and carry to the higher deno- 
mination, by the number of tens that it con- 
tains of the lower. For example, in adding 
shillings carry by 10.frbm the units to the 
tens, and by 2 from the tens to the pounds. 
If you do not carry by an even number of 
tens, first find the complete sum of the 
lower denomination, then inquire how many 
of the higher that sum contains, and carry 
accordingly, and mark the remainder, if any, 
under the column. For example, if the sum 
of column of pence be 43, which is three 
shillings and seven-pence, mark 7 under the 
pence column, and cany 3 to that of the 
shillings. 
Examples in sterling Money. 
£. s. d. 
215.. 3.. 9 
172 .. 18 .. 4 
645.. 7. .7 
737.. 2.. 3 
35.. 3.. 9 
9.. 0„ 7 
1814 .. 16 .. 3 
£. s d. 
169 .. 16 .. 10 
36.. 12.. 91 
54.. 7.. 6~ 
30.. 0.. 
- 7.. 19.. 6 
707 .. 19 .. 11 
1006 ..16., 8 
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