t/ 
ARM 
year ; at so small a price, and with so skil- 
ful a management, says the bishop, was the 
nation saved at that time.” On the 19th 
of July the famous armada arrived in the 
Channel, disposing itself in the form of a 
crescent, and stretching to the distance of 
seven miles from the extremity of one divi- 
sion to that of the other. As it proceeded 
up the Channel, Effingham with the English 
fleet, gave orders to avoid a close fight, but 
to skirmish witli the larger ships of the 
Spanish fleet, which it continued to do for 
six days. The armada, having reached Ca- 
lais, cast anchor, and waited the arrival of 
the Prince of Parma, who delayed leaving 
the Flemish ports, until he was assured that 
the Spaniards were masters of the sea. 
While the Spanish fleet lay confusedly in this 
position, the English Admiral by a success- 
ful stratagem dispatched several of his 
smaller ships filled with combustibles into 
the midst of the enemy, and thus alarmed 
them to such a degree, that they imme- 
diately cut their cables and beiook them- 
selves to flight in the greatest disorder and 
precipitation. The English fleet pursued 
them and took several ships. A violent 
tempest then assailed the armada after it 
had passed the Orkneys, and most of the 
vessels that had escaped from the battle, 
were driven on the western isles of Scot- 
land, or on the coast of Ireland, where they 
were miserably wrecked. Such was the 
termination of this desperate attempt a- 
gainst the liberties of our country ; the fore- 
account of which, in a scientific point 
of view, exhibits the state of naval tactics 
at that period of our history, and various 
other topics, interesting to the English 
leader. 
ARMILL ARY sphere, an artificial sphere, 
composed of a number of circles, represent- 
ing the several circles of the mundane 
sphere, put together in their natural order, 
to ease and assist the imagination, in con- 
ceiving the constitution of the heavens, and 
the motions of the celestial bodies. 
The armillary sphere constructed about 
30 years since by Dr. Long, of Cambridge, 
is 18 feet in diameter, and will conveniently 
contain 30 persons, who may sit within it, 
to view, as from a centre, the representa- 
tion of the celestial sphere. That part of 
the sphere which to the inhabitants of these 
kingdoms never rises above the horizon, is 
cut off, and the whole is so well contrived 
and adapted, that it turns round with very 
little labour. 
ARMINIANS, in church-history, a sect 
A R M 
of Christians, which arose in Holland, by a 
separation from the Calvinists. They are 
great assertors of free-will. They speak 
very ambiguously of the prescience of God. 
They look on the doctrine of the Trinity as 
a point not necessary to salvation; and 
many of them hold there is no precept in 
scripture, by which we are enjoined to 
adore the Holy Ghost ; and that Jesus ,s 
not equal to God the Father. 
They take their name from Arminius, a 
disciple of Beza, whose tenets may be thus 
enumerated : 1. That God has not fixed the 
future state of mankind by an absolute un- 
conditional decree ; but determined from 
all eternity to bestow salvation on those 
whom he foresaw would persevere to the 
end in their faith in Christ, and to inflict 
punishment on those who should continue 
in their unbelief, and resist to the end his 
divine assistance. 2. That Jesus Christ, by 
his death and sufferings, made an atone- 
ment for the sins of mankind in general, 
and for every individual in particular ; that 
however none but those who believe in him 
can be partakers of this divine benefit. 3. 
That mankind are not totally depraved, 
and that depravity does not come upon 
them by virtue of Adam’s being their pub- 
lic head, but that mortality and natural evil 
only are the direct consequences of his sin 
to posterity. 4. That there is no such a 
thing as irresistible grace in the conversion 
of sinners: and 5. That those who are 
united to Christ by faith, may fall from 
their faith, and finally forfeit their state of 
grace. Dr. Whitby, an eminent divine of 
the Church of England, has written a long 
defence of this doctrine : to this may be 
noticed, Dr. Taylor’s “ Key to the Epistle 
to the Romans.” Among the modem wri- 
ters, Mr. John Wesley, and Mr. Fellowes 
in his “ Religion without Cant,” and in his 
“ ChristianPhilosophy,’’ have ably advocated 
the cause of Arminianism. 
ARMONICA. See Harmonica. 
ARMORY is a branch of the science of 
heraldry, consisting in the knowledge of 
coats of arms, as to then- blazons and various 
intendments. 
ARMOUR denotes all such habiliments 
as serve to defend the body from wounds, 
especially of darts, a sword, a lance, &c. 
A complete suit of armour formerly con- 
sisted of a helmet, a shield, a cuirasse, a 
coat of mail, a gauntlet, &c. all now laid aside. 
ARMS, in general, all kinds of weapons, 
whether used for offence or defence. 
Arms and Ammunition, no merchant 
