ARM 
vessel is allowed to carry more than two 
carriage guns of 4 pounds calibre, nor more 
than in the proportion of two musquetS for 
every ten men, except ships of marc, or 
vessels employed in the service of the vic- 
tualling, ordnance, customs, excise, or post- 
office, without being regularly licensed for 
that purpose. 
Arms, or Armories, in heraldry, marks 
of honour borne upon shields, banners, and 
coats, in order to distinguish states, families, 
and persons. 
At this time, arms follow the nature of 
titles, which being made hereditary, they 
are also become so, being the several marks 
to distinguish families, as names serve to 
distinguish individuals. They are the gift 
of kings and princes, through the ministry 
of their kings and heralds of arms, who 
ought to be knowing and judicious, to give 
the proper arms to all persons. 
ARMY, a large body of soldiers, con- 
sisting of horse and foot, completely armed, 
and provided with artillery, ammunition, 
provisions, &c. under the command of one 
general, having lieutenant-generals, major- 
generals, brigadiers, and other officers un- 
der him. An army is composed of squa- 
drons and battalions, and is usually divided 
into three corps, and formed into three 
lines ; the first line is called the van-guard, 
the second the main body, and the third 
the rear guard, or body of reserve. The 
middle of each line is possessed by the foot, 
the cavalry form the right and left wing of 
each line ; and sometimes they place squa- 
drons of horse in the intervals between the 
battalions. When the army is drawn up in 
order of battle, the horse are placed at five 
feet distance from each other, and the foot 
at three. In each line the battalions are 
distant from each other one hundred and 
eighty feet, which is nearly equal to the ex- 
tent of their front ; and the same holds of 
the squadrons, which are about three hun- 
dred feet distant, the extent of their own 
front. These intervals are left for the squa- 
drons and battalions of the second line to 
range themselves against the intervals of the 
first, that both may more readily march 
through those spaces to the enemy : the 
first line is usually three hundred feet dis- 
tant from the second, and the second from 
the third, that there may be sufficient room 
to rally, w'hen the squadrons and battalions 
are broken. 
Our armies anciently were a sort of mili- 
tia, composed' chiefly of the vassals and te- 
nants of the lords. When each company 
ARR 
had served the number of days or month* 
enjoined by their tenure, or the customs of 
the fees they held, they returned home. 
Armies are distinguished by the appellations 
of a covering army, designed to protect the 
different passes which lead to a principal 
object of defence : a blockading army, 
which is provided with heavy ordinance 
and other warlike means, and is employed 
to invest a town for the direct and imme- 
diate purpose of reducing it by assault or 
famine : an army of observation, so called 
because by its advanced positions and de- 
sultory movements, it is constantly em- 
ployed in watching an army : an army of 
reserve, whicii is a general depht of effec- 
tive service ; — in cases of emergency, the 
whole or detached parts of an army of re- 
serve are employed to recover a lost day, 
or to secure a victory : and a flying army, 
which is mostly a strong body of horse and 
foot, always in motion, both to cover with 
its own garrison, and to keep the enemy in 
continual alarm. 
ARN ICA, in botany, a genus of plants 
of the Syngenesia Superflua class and order. 
Essen, char, receptacle naked ; down sim- 
ple ; calyx eqnal ; florets of the margin ge- 
nerally with five filaments destitute of an- 
therae. There are 24 species. 
ARNOPOGON, a genus of the Synge- 
nesia iEqualis class and order. Receptacle 
naked ; down feathery, on a pedicel ; calyx 
one-Ieafed, eight-parted, turbinate. There 
are four species. 
AROMA, is that part of odorous bodies 
which affects the organs of smell, and is sup- 
posed by some to be a peculiar principle. 
ARRAC, a spirituous liquor imported 
from the East pidies, and obtained by dis- 
tillation from rice or sugar, fermented with 
the juice of cocoa nuts. 
ARRAGONITE, a mineral first found 
in Arragon, imbedded in gypsum; after- 
wards in the Pyrenees, and at Salzburgh. 
Colour greenish and pearl-grey ; in the mid- 
dle often violet and green. Always crystal- 
lized in regular six-sided prisms. Fracture 
between imperfect, foliated, and fibrous. Co- 
lour arranged in the direction of the fibres ; 
the longitudinal fibres green ; the transverse 
violet-blue, brittle ; specific gravity 2.94. 
It effervesces with acids, and from its re- 
semblance to appatite, Werner is of opinion 
that it may contain a small portion of phos- 
phoric acid ; but neither Klaproth nor The- 
nard have been able to detect in it any 
thing but lime and carbonic acid. It is said 
to have been found in France, and in the 
