ART 
ARTICLE, in grammar, a particle, in 
most languages, that serves to express the 
several cases and genders of nouns, when 
the languages have not different termina- 
tions to denote the different states and cir- 
cumstances of nouns. See Grammar. 
The Latin has no article ; but the Greeks 
have their o; the eastern languages have 
their he emphaticum ; and most of the mo- 
dem languages have had recourse to arti- 
cles. The only articles made use ot in the 
English tongue are a and the; which, pre- 
fixed to substantives, determine their ge- 
neral signification to some particular thing. 
The use of a is in a general sense, and may 
be applied to any particular person or thing, 
and upon that account is called an indefi- 
nite article : but the, being a determinate 
article, is called definite, or demonstrative, 
as applying the word to one individual. The 
French have three articles, le, la, and les ; 
the Italians have their il, lo, and la ; and 
the Germans their der, das, and dat. 
ARTICLES of war, are certain regula- 
tions for the better government of the army 
in the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ire- 
land, and foreign parts dependant upon 
Great Britain. They may be altered and 
enlarged at the pleasure ot the king ; and in 
certain cases they extend to civilians — as 
when by proclamation any place shall be 
put under martial law, or when people follow 
a camp or army for the sale of merchandize, 
or serve in any menial capacity. It is or- 
dained that the articles of war shall be read 
in the circle of each regiment belonging to 
the British army every month, or oftener, if 
the commanding officer think proper. A 
soldier is not liable to be tried by a milita- 
ry tribunal, unless it can be proved that the 
articles of war have been duly read to him. 
ARTICULATE sounds are such sounds 
as express the letters, syllables, or words of 
any alphabet or language ; such, are formed 
by the human voice, and by some few birds, 
as parrots, &.c. Other brutes cannot aiti- 
cuiate the sounds of their voice. 
ARTICULATED, something furnished 
with, or consisting of joints. 
ARTICULATION, in anatomy, denotes 
the juncture of two bones, intended tor mo- 
tion. 
Articulation, in music, applies equally 
to vocal and to instrumental performances, 
to words, and to notes ; and it includes that 
distinctness and accuracy of expression, 
which gives every syllable and sound with 
truth and perspicuity, and forms the very 
foundations of pathos and grace. 
A R T 
ARTIFICERS, those who work with the 
hands, and manufacture any kind of commo- 
dity in iron, brass, wood, &c. Artificers are 
the same with what we otherwise call handi- 
crafts and mechanics ; such are smiths, car- 
penters, tayiors, shoemakers, weavers, and 
the like. The Roman artificers had their 
peculiar temples, where they assembled, and 
chose their patron, to defend their causes : 
they were exempted from all personal ser- 
vices. Taruntinus Paternus reckons thirty- 
two species of artificers, and Constantine 
thirty-five, who enjoyed this privilege. The 
artificers were incorporated into divers col- 
leges or companies, each of which had their 
tutelar gods, to whom they offered their 
worship ; and several of these, when they 
quitted their profession, hung up their tools, 
a votive offering to their gods. Artificers 
were held a degree below merchants and 
argentarii, or money-changers, and their em- 
ployment more sordid. Some deny that, in 
the earliest ages of the Roman state, artifi- 
cers were ranked in the number of citizens , 
others, who assert their citizenship, allow 
that they were held in contempt, as being 
unfit for war, and so poor that they could 
scarce pay any taxes. For which reason 
they were not entered among the citizens, in 
the censor’s books ; the design of the censors 
being only to see what number of persons 
were yearly fit to bear arms, and to pay 
taxes towards the support ot the state. It 
may be added that much of the business of 
artificers was done by slaves and foreigners, 
who left little for the Romans to mind but 
their husbandry and war. By means of the 
arts, the minds of men are engaged in inven- 
tions beneficial to the community ; and thus 
prove the grand preservative against the bar- 
barism and brutality which ever attend on 
an indolent and inactive stupidity. By the 
English laws, a stranger, being an artificer 
in London, Ac. shall not keep above two 
stranger servants; but he may have as many 
English servants and apprentices as he can 
get! And as to artificers in wool, iron, 
Steel, brass, or other metal, &c. persons con- 
tracting with them to go out of the kingdom 
into any foreign country are to be impri- 
soned three months, and fined in a sum not 
exceeding one hundred pounds. And such 
as going abroad, and not returning on warn- 
ing given by our ambassadors, Ac. shall be 
disabled from holding lands by descent or de- 
vise, from receiving any legacy, &c. and be 
deemed aliens. Penalty of oOOl. and of im- 
prisonment for twelve months, for the first 
offence ; and for the second, of 10001. and of 
