general, and the third particular, the middle 
term being the subject in the first propo- 
sition, and the predicate in the second. 
Thus, 
Ba Every evil ought to be feared : 
11a Every violent passion is an evil ; 
Lip Therefore something that ought to 
be feared is a violent passion. 
BARBA, in botany, a beard, a species of 
down with which the surface of some plants 
is covered. The term was invented by Lin- 
naeus, without precise explanation ; it seems 
however to signify a tuft of hail's terminat- 
ing the leaves. 
BARBACAN, or Barbican, an outer 
defence, or fortification to a city or castle, 
used especially as a fence to the city, or 
walls ; also, an aperture made in the walls 
of a fortress, to fire through upon the enemy. 
It is also used as a watch-tower to descry 
the. approach of the enemy ; and it some- 
times denotes a fort at the entrance of a 
bridge, or the outlet of a city having a dou- 
ble wall with toweis. 
BARBACENIA, in botany, a genus of 
the Hexandria Monogynia class and order. 
Calyx superior ; six-toothed ; corol six-pe- 
talled ; filaments petal-shaped, toothed ; 
capsule glandular, three-valved, many-seed- 
ed. Only one species, found at Brazil. 
BARBADOES tar, a mineral fluid of the 
nature of the thicker fluid bitumens, of a 
nauseous, bitterish taste, very strong and 
disagreeable smell, found in many parts of 
America trickling down the sides of the 
mountains, and sometimes floating on the 
surface cf the waters. It has been greatly 
recommended in coughs, and other disor- 
ders of the breast and lungs. 
BARBARA, among logicians, the first 
mode of the first figure of syllogisms. 
A syllogism in barbara, is one whereof all 
the propositions are universal and affirma- 
tive ; the middle term being the subject of 
the first proposition, and attributed in the 
second. For example, 
Bar Every wicked man is miserable ; 
Ba All tyrants are wicked men ; 
Ra Therefore all tyrants are miserable. 
RARBE, in the military art : to fire in 
barbe, means to fire the cannon over the pa- 
rapet, instead of firing through the embra- 
sures ; in which case the parapet must not 
be above three feet and a half high. 
BARBED and, crested, in heraldry, an 
appellation given to the combs and gills of 
a cock, when particularized for being of a 
different, tincture from the body. 
A barbed cross, is a cross the extremities 
of which are like the barbed irons used for 
striking of fish. 
BARBEL. See Cvprinus. 
BARBER, one who makes a trade of 
shaving the beards and heads of men, and 
of making wigs, Ac. Formerly the business 
of a surgeon was united to that of a barber, 
and he was denominated a barber-surgeon. 
This union of profession was dissolved by a 
statute of Henry VIII. by which the sur- 
geons were formed into a distinct corpora- 
tion, that existed till the late establishment 
of “ The Royal College of Surgeons of Lon- 
don.” In England a musical instrument 
was part of the furniture of a barber-sur- 
geon’s shop, which was used by persons 
above the ordinary level of life, who re- 
sorted thither for the cure of wounds, for 
bleeding, or trimming, a word that signified 
shaving, and cutting, or curling the hair. 
Bleeding and tooth-drawing are now very 
commonly practised in country places by 
barbers, and the pole stuck out as the 
sign of their profession, is supposed to indi- 
cate the staff which is held in the patient's 
hand during the act of bleeding, and the fil- 
let with which it is wound, is tied up after 
the operation is completed. 
BARBERRY, in botany. See Berbe- 
ris. 
B ARD, a poet among the ancient Gauls 
and Britons, who celebrated the praises of 
heroes, with a view to inculcate virtue, 
and sometimes to terminate a difference be- 
tween two armies at the point of engage- 
ment. It is disputed in what the bards 
differed from the Druids ; some pretend that 
these were the priests and philosophers of 
the nation, and that those were only the 
poets and historians ; but it is more proba- 
ble that Druid was a general word, compre- 
hending the priests, the judges, the instruc- 
tors of youth, and the bards or poets. See 
Druid. 
Tiie bards were not only the poets but 
the genealogists, biographers, and historians 
of those countries and ages. The genealo- 
gical sonnets of the Irish bards are still the 
chief foundations of the ancient history of 
Ireland. It was customary for the bards to 
sing these compositions in the presence of 
their nobles, and at their chief festivals aud 
solemnities. In the Highlands of Scotland 
there are bards still in being, and considera- 
ble remains of many of the Compositions of 
the old British bards still preserved ; but 
the most genuine, entire, and valuable re- 
mains of the works of the ancient bards, and 
perhaps the noblest specimen of miculti- 
