BEE 
taking away the infected hive, removing 
the bees, and cleansing it of the moths, be- 
fore it is restored to its former occupiers. 
Bees are often troubled with lice, which 
maybe destroyed by strewing tobacco over 
them. The depredations of birds, and par- 
ticularly of the liouse-lark and swallow', 
should be carefully prevented. Ants, wood- 
lice, and earwigs, are also enumerated 
among the enemies of the bees. Mr. Keys 
says, “ the earwigs steal into the hives at 
night, and drag out bee after bee, sucking 
out their vitals, and leaving nothing but 
their skins or scalps like so many trophies 
of their butchery.” .Wasps and hornets 
are, however, the most formidable enemies 
that bees have to encounter. See Apiary 
and Apis. 
BEECH. SeeFACus. 
BEER, a fermented liquor, made gene- 
rally from some farinaceous grain, particu- 
larly from prepared barley or malt. I he 
mode of making beer will be found under 
the article Brewing. It may be observed, 
that during the scarcity of grain in this 
country, sugar, treacle, and melasses were 
frequently used as a substitute for malt. We 
shall in this place describe a machine that has 
obtained pretty general use in the public- 
houses in and near the metropolis, viz. the 
Beer pump. The Plate explains the con- 
struction of a set of beer pumps, as made by 
Mr.Thomas Rowntree, engine -maker, Black- 
friars road : the pumps are not of the common 
construction ; but similar to that made use 
of in his extinguishing engine : they are dou- 
ble, and throw out the liquor at either mo- 
tion of the handle. Figures 4 and 5 are two 
sections of a pump at right angles to each 
other : fig. 4 being a section through the 
dotted line A B, fig. 5 : and fig. 5 a section 
through CD, fig. 4 : the same letters are 
used hi both figures EE: FF is a brass cy- 
linder with a flaneh, EE (dotted in fig. 5) 
in front : GG, fig. 4, is a cover screwed to 
the cylinder with a stuffing-box n in the 
centre, to receive the spindle H ; I is a par- 
tition in the cylinder, with a packing at a, 
to embrace the spindle, and make a tight 
joint, this has two valves, b, d, shutting 
downwards upon holes made in the parti- 
tion: K is the suction pipe, bringing liquor 
to the lower division of the cylinder, but 
has no other communication with the up- 
per, but the two valves b, d : L is the piston 
fixed to the spindle, and fitting the cylinder 
tight all round, so as to divide the upper 
part into two other parts: e,f, are copper 
pipes to convey the liquor from the upper 
BEE 
half of the cylinder, to a chamber N, and 
its return is prevented by vqlves g, h, on the 
ends of the pipes : O is the forcing pipe 
screwed to the chamber N : when the pis- 
ton is moved by the handles on the end ot 
its spindle toward b; for instance, the valve 
b will be shut, and the liquor on that side 
finding no'other passage, passes through the 
pipe e, and valve g, and into the chamber 
N, and is conveyed by means of the force- 
pipe O, where required : the same motion 
of the piston, enlarging the space on the 
side d, shut the valve h at the end of the 
pipe/; and formed a vacuum : the pressure 
of the atmosphere upon the surface of the li- 
quor, in which the end of K is immersed, 
forces it through the pipes, opens the valve 
d, and restores the equilibrium. The ope- 
ration is exactly the same when the piston 
is moved in the other direction from L to d : 
the liquor going to O through/, and coming 
from K through 6. Three of these pumps 
are mounted in a frame, as shewn in figures 
1 and 2, which is inclosed in a box, with a 
circular top AB, and the handles u, Is, c. 
project through it : the. suction-pipes d, <?,/, 
go through the floor into the cellar below : 
the. force-pipes from the top of the pumps 
are bent, and come through the side of the 
box where the pots are held to be filled : 
A is a small cistern to receive the waste, 
which is conveyed by a pipe to a waste butt 
in the cellar: the suction-pipes pass through 
the floor, and are carried along the ceiling 
until just over the butt ; they are then bent 
down, and jointed to the cock drove into 
the butt in the usual manner : the pipes are 
of lead, half an inch bore, and very thin, so 
that they can be bent (without breaking) 
to reach any particular place ; they are con- 
nected with the cock by a screw joint, 
shewn in fig. 3 : A B is the brass cock ; its 
outer end B cut into screw, and the bore 
enlarged to form a socket for a short brass 
pipe D, soldered to the leaden one : a piece 
of leather put between the end of the cock 
and the shoulder of D makes a tight joint : 
these are kept together by a collar E, em- 
bracing the shoulder of B, and screwing 
upon the end of the cock: e is a stub pro- 
jecting from it, by which it is turned. The 
piston of the pump consists of 3 plates, fi- 
gures 4 and 5: the middle one, (which 
should be called the piston) is cast in a 
piece with the spindle, and fits the cylinder 
as true as possible without touching ; then 
square pieces of leather are put on each 
side of the piston, to form the joint, aad a 
thin plate of metal put on over the leathers, 
