They arc contained in a paper that 1 read, or rather. caused to be 
read, for I was sick at the time, before the Kirtlaud Academy of 
Xatnrul Sciences at !CIc*Teland, February 3d, 1873, It will be seen 
that this papar which I offer for your consideration it over two years 
old, and has been used; but the ‘'autocrat of the breakfast table" 
remarked at his fifth breakfast, that "certain things are gowl for 
nothing until they have been long kept, and other things are good 
for nothing until long kept andused; of the first is wine, and 
among the latter arc poems, violins, and meerschaum pipes." As 
this paper has not been long kept, nor much used, it should not be 
expected to hare improved much by age or use. 
The hybridizlmr of both plants and animals has been Tong i)rac- 
ticed by naturalists, and one eminent stjitesinan of our country sug- 
gested the idea of extinguishing an entire nice of nieu in our coun- 
try by cross-breeding, or, as he termed it, ‘‘the bleaching pro- 
cess." In proof of his sincerity it is said that he practiced what 
he preached. 1 do not, however, propose to carry hybridizing to that 
extent— only applying the principle to fishes. 
In the pages referred to I have only mentioned fishes of the Sal- 
mon faniily for hybridizing, and I have not a doubt but what this 
has been accomplished in several species of the Salmon family, both 
by the aid and without the aid of man. That it has been achieved 
by the aid of man, there can be no doubt whatever, and I am 
equally certain that it has occurred spontaneously, as detailed in the 
following paper. 
If it can be accomplislied witli different species cf Salmon, there' 
can exist no reasonable doubt it can be done with other families of 
fishes of tile same genius, such as Perch, Pike, Ba.ss and other 
kinds of fishes. 
It should not be expected that all attempts at hybridization shall 
prove to be successful, nor that in every instance the hybrids would 
be an improvement in size or quality, of the parent fishes; though 
iti Mr.llaoson's hybrids, the qual ty was greatly improved; and so 
are the hybrids of Lake Superior, as I can bear testimony, having 
eaten frequently of the hybrids, and of the parent fishes. In case 
the pa'^ent fi>he8 from wliich you wish to breed hybrids, do not 
spawn precisely at the same time, !Mr. Hanson's method maybe 
adopted, but si^h persons as believe Dr. Bachman's statements, 
should try his methods of " drying the eggs for ten days" or even 
for a hundred days, fur I apprehend that ten or a hundred days of 
drying them will make no difference in the result. 
I will only add a little scrap of history furnished me recently by 
Prof. J. P. Kiitland, which I think will interest all fisli culturists. 
It is an extract from Peter Kulm's travels in North American, No- 
vember, 1748, vol. 1, p. *289, London edition. Fleet street, 1772. 
Translated by John Reinholat For.^ter. 
"Mr. Franklin (Dr. B. Franklin) told me, that in that part of New 
England where his father lived, two rivers fell into the sea. in one of 
which they caught great numbers of herrings, and in the other, not 
one. Yet the places where these rivers discharge themselves into 
the sea were not far asunder. They had observed that when the 
herrings came in the spring to deposit their spawn, they always 
swam up the river where they used to catch them, but never came 
into the other. This circnmstance led Mr. Franklin's father, who 
was settled between the two rivers, to try w hether it was not possi- 
ble to make the herrings likewise live in the other rivor. For that 
purpose he puts out his nets as they were coming up for spawning, 
and he caught some. Uc took the spawn out of them, and carefully 
carried it across the land into the other river. It was hatched and 
the consequence was, that every year afterwards they caught more 
herrings in that river; and this is still the case. This leads one to 
believe that the fish always like to spawn in the same place where 
they were hatched, and from whence they first put out to the sea, 
being, as it were, accustomed to it." 
Very correct Mr. Kulm, all observation since that time shows that 
you were a close observer. Peter Kalm was a Swede, an eminent 
botanist, and the favorite student of Charles Linnaeus, the great 
botanist. Our beautiful Kalmia* (the Laurel) was named after Peter 
Kulm. 
It appears by this little bit of history that Doctor Benjamin Frank- 
lin's father was the original artificial fish breeder in this country 
and Doctor Bachman and myself must go down to the foot. He was 
not only the first man that made the attempt of artificia. fecunda- 
tion of the ova of fishes, but the idea was original witr. him, mid 
this more than a century and a quarter ago. I am glad to know 
that an American citizen can claim this honor, and be the father of 
our own Doctor Fraukliu. 
nir. llallock’s Paper on Inclean Creatures. 
Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Convention: My subject is 
“ Unclean Creatnres" and the heft of the text will be found |in the 
hook of the Old Testament known as Leviticus. Mr. President, 1 did 
not desire to give any special prominence to this little essay which I 
promised you, sir, some time ago to read at tliis meeting, as it is a 
dirty subject to handle and contains only a few thoughts germain to 
tlie general subject in which we are .all interested. It is merely a 
kind oiaryumentumwl hominiim-& sort of special appeal to the pal- 
ates and stomachs of men, as well as to their common sense, and in 
no way scientific or leaning heavily upon the logic of facts with which 
onr grand Army of Protection has to wrestle. I prefer to leave 
learned disquisitions to the naturalists, the codification of game 
laws lo the barristers, and the determination of penalties and the 
ways and meaas of punislimeiit to the judges. 
istill I cannot forbear by way of a natural prologue, and I liope 
you wilt indulge me, to eoiigratiilate the recognized pioneers in fish 
culture and game preservation apon the great hold which the objects 
lor which tliey have so obstinately labored from the beginning, liave 
taken upon the public. I suppose that more than 100 Sportsmen’s 
clubs and associations, inclncing numerous State conventions (all 
of them keeping prominently in view the preservation of game), 
have been organized since the national body was created at Niagara 
eight months ago, the same being distributed throughout twenty-six 
States and Provincss of Canada. 'I his fact alone sulliciently indi- 
cates the sense of the country upon the important questions in- 
volved, and as a guaranty of ultimate and complete success. 
The time i, not remote when game will be abnnd.ant in all those 
parts of our country that are not densely populated; fish will swarm 
in our waters; and close seasons be respected like the Sabbath of 
New England— as it was. 
Now, the creation of all those protective associations is good. The 
mere moral weight thereof .is great, to say notliing of the direct 
effect of their aclive efforts. It will be found in coming years, after 
the suitable laws we strive for are duly instituted, that they will 
constitute a valuable deteclive and police force all overtlio country, 
to discover, prevent, and punisli wrong-doing, and encourage and 
assis^the overseers and wardens to be appointed as the paid guard- 
ians of land and water preserves. These loral clubs must be sub- 
ordinate to and under the jurisdiction of the State Assosittious, 
that all may act ill harmony; and the State Associations in turn 
liold fealty and obedience to the National body, wliich stands out 
ss the foral and central head, with jurisdiction over all. Duties and 
intciesis become correlative and reciprocal. Thus we coiiforin to 
our origiii.d federative system. Thus the National Association of 
the United States will hold a posil ioii who.se dignity will assert il- 
self, and wliosc inllneiicc will always be sweeping. 
Ilowever the mere organization of ever so many clubs cannot, of 
itself, destroy the evils and secure the benefits we strive for. Much 
prelimihary work remains to be done before we can institute and 
perfect such comprehensive laws as we roQuire, and secure their un- 
obstructed and effective operation. Here we are, a mixed body of 
raw recruits, horse, foot, and heavy artillery, not yet drilled in tlie 
camp of instruction. A definite plan of campaign must be mapped 
out, duty assigned to each of these. We must cstabli-sh a sort of 
mniculum in campo, a course of instruction and study, designating 
to professors, undergraduates and matriculenis their respective 
shares of labor. We are to indicate how intimately tlie science of 
natural history is blended with those pastimes wliich we depend 
upon for our recreation, and wliich are, mainly, the pigeon trap for 
acquiring accuracy of aim, quickness of eye and trigger ; tlie field 
for extended pastime; the study of our flora and fauna, and insects, 
so that when we haVe analyzed the one we may detcriiiine the habi- 
tat ol the other. If we know that under this leaf overhanging the 
stream, or that rotten log hard by. a grub hides, we shall know that 
the trout congregate in the vicinity; that where the worm bores in 
the meadow the liarvest is ripe on the hill side or the beech scatters 
its nuts on the ridge, there the woodcock, the quail, and the ruffed 
grouse are rej^pectively gathered together; that where the lily pads 
grow or the succulent brake thrives, thither the deer resort to loed. 
So also of migratory birds, beast and fishes— we ascertain their 
liabits and habitats by their requirements. 
We need just uow to preserve in preparing the public mind to 
accept and approve some judicious system of game laws, such as the 
best informed men of the country, in and out of this Association 
arc now contemplating and contriving, and their enactment will 
come in due time. Let us make haste slowly, and give our commit- 
tees all the time they need. 
We have much labor to perform iu respect to adjusting interests 
that seem to clash; in determining and defining the riglits and priv- 
ileges of land owners, and vendors, and theconstitutiofcality of laws 
to govern them; in removing prejudices; in instructing the ignorant 
as to our objects and aims, the economic value of game protection, 
and the necessity that requires the institution .and observance of 
close seasons. We are to « restle with the avarice and strategy of' 
iinscriipuloiis game dealers; correct morbid tas'es and unnatural 
appetites, and lop off the pretensions </f would-be epicures with 
much wealth and no brains, wlio would serve up peacock’s tongues 
like the Roman Emperor’s, and salmis of linnet wings to excite the 
envy and admiration of obsequious guests. 
This brings me decidedly face to face with my subject pf “Unclean 
Creatures,” which you have begun to fancy would be smothered in 
the peoration. already made too prolix. 
You may assume, gentlemen, that I have chosen this subject be- ' 
cause it give me plenty of scope It is a familiar subject. I can 
wander up and down the broad surlace of this terrestrial sphere, 
and find myself perfectly at home everywhere. All of us are conver- 
sant with it. The whole world is full of it. I do not refer to base- 
ness of morals and tiirptitudc of men, although the Apostle I’aul 
lias told us that we are filled with all uncleanliness. I am dealing 
only with that which is physical. There is not a thing organic but 
wliat is unclean at some period— the seed that rots in the ground to 
renew itself; tlie auiinal whose physical structure requires a monthly 
purification; all creatures at their periods of gestation; all crea- 
tures that die by natural causes; those creatures that are intriusi- 
cally uuelean, and winch comprise nine tenths of tlie animal crea- 
tion. Even the celestial feast that was let down to St. Paul in a 
sheet comprised a large proportion of the four-footed beasts of the 
earth, and wild beasts, and creeping things, and fowls of the air, 
which the scrupulous Apostle pronounced “ common aud unclean.” 
The Mosaic law was peculiarly severe in its letter and dispensation 
as respects food to be eaten. The man wlio ate of ua animal tlial 
died of itself “shall be cut off from his people 1” — Leviticus, 
If the .American Indians are descendants of the old Islimaelits, and 
the Africans arc the children of Ham, how many of lhe.se carrion 
eaters, who prefer the meat of a drowned horse to fresli beef, would 
have escaped the jicnalty hod they lived in the days of their fore- 
falheisJ ‘Of fish with tins and scales ye shall eat: those without 
scales are an ahomiiiation.” — Leviticus, 11-10. W ere this notion in 
vogue to-day, it would stop the vending of cels and cat-fish. Tlie 
.Mosaic law was especially strict as to the animals that divide 
the hoof and chow the cud. The animal killed at the 
shamhles, or in the cliase, that was not hied, was unclean. 
Strange to say, locusts, beetles and grass-hoppers, were 
excelled, being regal ded as proper food. Our Western 
friends ought to appreciate this c.xception. In Pale.-tine, locusts 
are a staple article of food to this day, just as they were in the 
days of .lohn the Baptist, who.se rather unsubstantial diet was lo- 
cu-ts and wild honey. Nature, as well as common law and common 
sense, has ordained certain fruits and viands in their seasons, 
which, eaten out of season, are unwholesome and lose their relish. 
Unseasonable venison, grouse, or trout, are as unsatisfying to the 
true epicure as are the sour hud vapid hot-house peaches aud straw- 
berries of winter; dry, tough, juicelcss, and insipid then, but most 
toothsome in the richness of their prime, and nioro appetizing for 
the lenten abstinence that intervenes. I believe that the season of 
Lent was originally instituted as much for a sanitary precaution as 
for a season of religions observance. Then in the spring time Is 
the natural period of re-proiluctioii: then the female Is girding up 
her loins and physical forces for the successful performance of lier 
functions. The male is weak and enervated. Both men and brutes 
then undergo a recuperative physical change. A'ery little animal or 
fish food is thou fit to be eaten; it is “unclean;” men lack 
keenness of appetite, strength of stomach, and vigor of digestive 
organs. (Hi! sectarians and non-confomiists, it is for your own ad- 
vantage that yc should need the Lenten discipline! 
It should be our desire and purpose to send missionaries and col- 
porteurs throughout all our land with Close Time Tracts, to so dis- 
gust our ignorant pot-hiiiiters and pedantic epicures of snobdom 
with eating animal food that is out of season, that even the thought 
thereof would turn their gorge. A great missionary work has now 
to be done among the unlettered. Thus far we have operated only 
among tlje intelligent— and not with fullest success, cither; for I 
know ttiat iinseiisonahle game can be procured at almost any sea- 
son of tile year, through unscrupulous restauranters, at our Na- 
tional C'aiiilol, Washington, and that some of the very law makers 
to wlioiii we expect to appeal to authorize a close time, are their 
best pat: oils. Of tills I will bring proof on demand. 1 have the au- 
thority of the President of the Acclimating Society of Califoniia for 
tlie statement tliat primatcl grouse or prairie chickens were openly 
sold ill San Francisco markets on the let of last May. Two months 
ago I called the attention of the New A’ork City Society for the Pro- 
tection of Game, to the fact that these birds were being shipped by 
the hundred barrels per steamer to Enrope in the months of March 
and .April. The introduction of unseasonahle trout from Canada into 
the United States is notorious— poor, tasteless, starving fish that 
have lain all winter under the ice in a semi-torpid state! For this 
disli of forbidden chips and saw-dust the arrogant parvenu who un- 
corks Lufltte and Cliiiblis for the delectation of his toadying friends, 
paid SI per pound; for tlic birds $1.50 per pair! For such violators 
of law as these there is no excuse, and I must claim for the credit of 
the New Y'ork Society that they have not hesiti ted to prosecute 
dealers in unlawful game at large expense, and with some degree of 
success. 
I have said that wc have missionary work to do among the un- 
lettered. The great mass of those who shoot— the small farmers, 
bushrangers, frontiersmen (to say nothing of the negroes of the 
South, who all use guns)— have not the instincts of sportsmen. 
They have no conception of the purport and value of close seasons, 
or the intent of restrictive laws. They never see newspapers, and 
cannot read, if they did. The do not recognize the laws of repro- 
duction, or consider the source of supply. They kill those that are 
heavy, birds with their broods, and shoot indiscriminately at song 
birds. They regiird protective clubs as invasive, and game laws as 
a tyrannical encroachment upon their inherent rights. 
Now, all this can be corrected in time; it has been done, and can 
be done again. A very large proportion of these men arc open to 
argument and conviction ; and could they be brought to compre- 
hend the beneficent operation of these laws, they would acquiesce 
in their observanccjind enforcement. We have proof of this by ex- 
periment. It took years for the proprietors of Long Point, Lake 
Erie, to convert the prejudices of the native residents of the vicinity 
but now they could desire uo more earnest or efficient allies. Their 
profits in fur and feathers liave increased fourfold. Upon each 
rough woodsman, sturdy in their blows but honest in their nature, 
a good word and a good example has great influence, and I believe 
that an appeal to their sober judgment and the dissemination of 
proper information among them could work wonders toward re- 
form. I could perhaps venture to suggest, and if approved, embody 
the suggeetiou in a resolution, to be submitted to this convention 
at the proper time, that a judiciously prepared circular be printed 
and distributed throughout the conntry by the agency of local 
siiortsmon's clubs and protective societies, appealing to the farmers, 
market hunters and backwoodsmen, to protect and spare the game 
and fish in designated close seasons, setting forth in simple lan- 
guage the reasons therefor and the beneficent advantages to acerne 
thereby . 
Gentlemen, I will detain you but a moment longer. Did any of 
you ever see a gravid or spent salmon, or trout? If not, go and 
view the plaster casts in the Smithsonian Institute at Washington. 
See the gaunt aud misshapen bod’es, covered with the hectic and 
livid spots of fever and inflammation, the narrow alioulders and 
great disproportioned head, and say if this is a fitting food for pam- 
pered appetites and aristocratic tables. Take other fish at nnsea- 
sonable limes, covered with visible and microscopic parisites and 
fungoid growths, and tell me if the thought of eating them brings 
no qualms of stomach. View the 'dead carcasses of the early sum- 
mer deer. Open them and find the nostrils and livers filled with 
flukes and crawling maggots, and every vein filled with poison that 
is being expelled by venial purification. Is it not unclean? What 
of the fledging summer woodcock, or tlie,“flappers” of the nortliem 
lakes, whose wings will hardly afford escape from merciless pursuit. 
Take the feminated grouse that may be even now in the market. 
Would the former enjoy eating a ripe cnenmher? The pinnated 
grouse is only in‘ its prime in early autumn, and even then experts 
select the young birds from tho old because the latter are tough 
and juiceless. The fiesh of the early bird is light in color, but 
darkens and hardens with age. The late bird is unfit to cat, even if 
it be not literally unclean. A sportsman would feed tliem to his 
dog, who might condescend to eat them if at the starvation point, 
but the city epicure and our English cousins, to whom tliey are 
shipped by the steamer load in .^lurch and April, pay seven and six- 
pence a pair! 
M’ell, gentlemen, I must hold. The subject is inexhaustible. The 
world, as I have said, is full of uuelean creatures. We have at- 
tempted todefiue them, and those who eat them. Livingstone and 
Du Chailu have told us what the Africans cat. Their menu is made 
up almost exclusively of unclean crcatuies. Vermin is the princi- 
pal diet of the Digger Indians of America, and many of the Arizona 
and California tribes. To the most civilized of our prairie Indians 
the entrails of the buffalo and dog meat aiethe choicest comestibles. 
I liave seen these Ojibways quarrel over the contents of a dead 
hare's womb, aud eat tlie nnborn progeny, entrails, hair and all, 
half roasted on the coals, as a Dutchman would eat sausage. Un- 
clean food, and game out of season, belong to the condition of sav- 
agery and barbarism, and I submit, whether the enlightened citi- 
zens of America are ready now to retrograde so much— whether 
they arc willing to admit that their tastes arc so assiminilated to 
those of the savage that they are content to grow great n|)oii the 
same meat upon which they feed. Have we no respect for onr be- 
longings or our origin? Do not dealers recognize the differeuce be- 
tween corn-fed and swill-fed (lork, or Texas beef and stall-fed beef? 
If we feed oii diseased meat, sliall we not lose onr physical manj 
hold? or shall we not, at least in turn, become “ unclean creatures’ 
