Part IIT. ] Witt ; Sylviculture of Hardwickia hinata. 129 
cannot therefore be said that there has been no successful natural re- 
generation, since reservation days, in these forests. 
[ii) Factors affecting regeneration . — Such as it is the existing repro- 
duction can, we believe, be explained in almost every instance by a for- 
tunate combination of (1) suitable soil, (2) sufficient overhead shade, (3) 
freedom from grazing. 
Let us consider for a moment to what extent these three factors have 
been at work in these forests. Taking suitability of soil, there is no 
doubt that the sandstone, conglomerate and shale formations are con- 
siderably more fissured than the trap formation, and offer more oppor- 
tunities for the necessary downward development of the tap-root. 
As regards overhead shade, these mixed forests are as a rule denser 
than the pure forests, owing to the competition of other species, and to 
comparative inaccessibility and lack of demand. 
{Hi) Harmful effect of grazing . — We now come to the third factor, 
grazing. Its importance cannot be over-estimated. It is not so much 
grazing in itself as grazing at a particular period of the Anjan’s life, which 
has done, and is still doing, so much harm. That period is clearly the 
time occupied by the seedling in establishing itself, roughly an interval 
of five years. This being the case, it is not difficult to explain why, in 
these forests, we have regeneration in some places and not in others. 
It is a fact that, owing to their extent, the grazing in these forests is 
extremely irregular in intensity. Into some parts the cattle are brought 
in large numbers, into others hardly a single animal ever comes, although 
open to grazing. Even this state of affairs is not constant, and for one 
reason or another, an area which was formerly heavily grazed over is 
deserted, and a less frequented part becomes a popular grazing ground. 
Now suppose a general seeding to occur all over the reserve. In the 
ungrazed areas, at that particular time, the seeding finds its opportunity, 
and other factors being favourable, it survives the critical period of its 
existence and establishes itself. Not so in the grazed areas. Here the 
protective covering of grass is being constantly kept down by grazing, 
and , quite apart from the direct damage done by the cattle to the seed- 
lings, they perish from want of the necessary protection against exces- 
sive evaporation. 
Once the seedlings have established themselves, the effect of grazing 
is not of paramount importance. The young plants cannot, it is true, 
grow up so long as grazing is permitted, but they do not die out, and will 
exist indefinitely until such time as closure to grazing gives them the 
