400 Indian Forest Records. [Yol, 1. 
forward as an uuworked balance which will however be struck oft' 
from the control forms at the end of the fifth year. 
In the event of a temporary excessive demand arising, which 
cannot be met from the area appointed for felling during the year, 
or from coupes of the five previous years which have not been fully 
worked over, it will probabl}'' be advisable to open one or more coupes 
in advance, or coupes against which an unworked balance has been 
struck off the control forms not more than 10 years previously, in 
order that advantage may be taken of such temporary demand in 
view not only of the financial benefit which would be derived, 
but also of the benefit to the forest of early working, and the Con- 
servator will prescribe the manner in which the working is to be 
brought back within the lines of the plan. 
Section 2. — Subsidiary Operations : Improvement Fellings. 
Cultural operations for the improvement of the crop must al- 
ways accompany selection fellings. Such improvement fellings can- 
not as a rule be defined with the same degree of exactitude as the 
similar operations required under other sylvicultural system i. Never- 
theless, under Indian conditions, cleanings and climber cuttings, 
thinnings and cutting-back operations will always be found of the 
greatest importance in order to help natural regeneration and to 
improve the growth of the existing stock. Where trees of the prin- 
cipal species require freeing from too dense a canopy, or, in the case 
of larger-sized trees, where they are dominated by inferior trees 
growing beside them, improvement fellings must be made. All 
useless, quick-growing species hindering the growth of the superior 
species must be girdled, lopped, or felled, if necessary; creepers 
must be cut; epiphytic fici removed; broken, injured and badlv 
shaped saplings and poles of the more valuable species must be cop- 
piced in order that they may be replaced where this is required by 
new stems springing from the stool ; young seedlings of the valuable 
species must be uncovered, their terminal buds being cleared by the 
removal of the heads or branches of the neighbouring plants ; and 
wherever patches of congested pole growth are found, thinnings 
must be made. 
The object of all such operations is to increase the proportion of 
the more valuable species in the crop, and to foster the existing 
young growth ; but their nature and extent must always depend on 
