Part V.] 
Sweet; On Air Seasoning of Indian Timbers. 
83 
periphery. The health of the tree is in most cases not affected by the 
attack of the borer, but the accumulated damage to the timber is 
serious. Frequently the burrows of this class of borers are enlarged 
or perforated by wood-peckers or extended by ants and termites. 
The following are the principal types: — 
(a) Moths. 
1. Beehole Borebs. 
This term was originally applied to Duomitus cerarnicus, a borer of 
teak in Burma (responsible for an annual loss of ten lakhs), the 
tunnels of which are universally known as beeholes. Its use may be 
extended to apply to damage of similar origin in other species of trees. 
{1) Cossidae. 
A caterpillar-borer of this family makes a slightly curved tunnel 
(usually empty of wood-fibres or dust), from 2 to 10 inches long, 
circular in cross-section, and varying in diameter from that of a lead 
pencil to that of one’s httle finger, e.g. . 
Tectona grandis by Duomitvs cerarnicus; Cassia Fistula by 
Duomitus leuconotus ; Acer Campellii, Juglans regia, 
Litsaea polyantha by various species of Duomitus, Cossus 
and Zeuzera. 
(3) Arhelidae. 
Tunnels of caterpillars of this family are often made in the pith 
or sapwood of young poles, in which they may reach a vertical length 
of 2 feet, and a diameter of | inch. In older timber the length runs 
to about 10 inches, e.g. 
Tectona grandis by Phassus malabaricus and Phassus signifer. 
{3) Arhelidae 
Caterpillars of this group are primarily bark-eaters feeding on the 
surface of the trunk under the protection of a mat of silk-spun debris, 
but for retirement and pupation a tunnel is excavated in the wood. 
When overgrown the boring may simulate a beehole. 
(&) Beetles. 
Whereas the tunnels of the moth-borers are essentially shelter- 
burrows, those of the beetle-borers are feeding-burrows in which the 
grub lives permanently. The follo’ndng types are characteristic of 
the work of the ; — 
2. Longicorn Borers (Ceramhycidae and Lamiidae). 
(1) An extensive system of tunnels running on a whole vertically 
branching and rejoining, and connected with the bark by short 
[ 229 ] F 2 
