rNTRODUCTrON. 
viii 
lowest is best (levelo])e(l towards tlie western end of the lake, running parallel with and 
at a short distanee from the northern shore ; this is composed of Kavine beds, Birket- 
el-Qnrun series, and the lower part of the (iasr-el-Sagha beds. The Kavine beds are, 
for the most part, obscured by the overlying lacustrine deposits. The next main 
escarpment is seen rising very steeply in the middle ‘distance ; it is composed of the 
higher beds of the Qasr-el-Sagha series. To the north of this, and separated from it 
by a succession of broad terraces some kilometres wide, is the magnificent range of 
cliffs, the Jebel-el-Qatrani, composed of the upper beds of the Fluvio-marine (Upper 
ISI 
Widan e! Faras. 
Summit of 
J clQatrani . 
JfC 
Qasr e! Sag ha 
2,5 
Dime 
S. 
Surface of ancient 
Lake M a? ns, 22-25 m. 
above, present sea level. 
Sea Level 
Horizontal Sea lei. — ^ ^ ^ ikiiometres. Heights ui metres above sea tevef. 
Skctiox (from north to south) showing the succession of beds on the nortli of Eirket-el-Qurun. (Reduced 
from part of the section on pi. xxii. of H. J. L. Beadnell’s Eeport on the Topography and Geology of 
the Rayum Province : Survey Dept., Cairo, 1905.) 
a. Lacustrine clays ; 2. Lower Gligocene ; 3. Interbedded basalt sheet ; 4. Upper Eocene (Eluvio-marine) ; 
5. Qasr-el-Sagha series; 6. Birket-el-Qurun series ; 7. Ravine Beds. 
Eocene) series, and capped by a thick bed of basalt, which Mr. Beadnell regards as 
occurring at the junction of the Eocene and Oligocene beds. This upper range of 
cliffs practically marks the northern edge of the depression, and beyond it comes the 
high undulating plateau of brown ])ebble-strewn desert, composed mainly of flnviatile 
beds of Oligocene age, in which so far no vertebrate remains have been found, 
'riiroughout the whole series the beds dip very gently (2° or 3°) towards the north, and 
have been subjected to very little fruiting or other disturbance. 
The following Table show’s the succession of strata composing the country to the 
north of the lake, together with a list of the vertebrate remains at present known 
from the various horizons : — 
