PALiEOMASTODON. 
143 
the outer one is the more rounded and always much more worn than the inner, which 
is higher and somewhat compressed from before backwards. The outer cusps, 
particularly the anterior ones, often give a roughly V-shaped surface in wear, the 
point of the V being turned outwards : this results from the presence of small and 
slightly developed accessory tubercles connected with the inner side of the main 
outer cusps. In the case of the anterior cusp the front accessory tubercle is fused 
with the cingulum, while the posterior one partly fills the valley between the first 
and second ridges. In the last molar the posterior accessory tubercle of the last 
outer main cusp is larger and is connected with the cingulum, forming a small and 
slightly developed talon. In some other species this is much larger, and the 
Text-fig. 50. 
A. C. 
m.5. 
The second and third lower molars of : A, Palamnastodon headnelU (left side) ; B, P. wintoni 
(left side) ; C, P. parvus (right side) ; D, P. minor (right side). All § nat. size. 
accessory tubercles are better developed. The cingulum is only slightly developed : in 
some cases it forms small blunt tubercles opposite the inner ends of the transverse 
valleys (see PI. XV. fig. I, m. 2). 
Vertebral Column . — The vertebral column in the present genus is not well known, 
because the absence of specimens occurring definitely associated with portions of the 
skull and mandible, together with the intermingling of vertebrse of other Ungulates of 
similar size, makes it almost impossible to determine isolated vertebrse. In the case, 
however, of highly characteristic vertebrse like the atlas and axis, some degree of 
certainty may be attained. These two vertebrse are here described from specimens 
