ZEUGLODONTID/E. 
235 
elongated dorsal vcrtc'bra), referred to as “ species major” and said to be similar to the 
ZeugJodon macrospoudijltis of J. Miiller ; (2) a smaller form with short vertebne, 
resembling i\\c Z. hrachtjspondijhts of Muller and referred to by Dames as “ species 
minor”; (3) a still smaller species re])resent('d only by a few vertebrae, which are said 
to resemble some vertebrae regarded by Miiller as belonging to a young individual of 
Z. hrachyspond gins, but in the light of recent discoveries may more probably bo referred 
to Z. osiris or a closely allied species. 
Somewhat later Schweinfurth collected on the mainland near Qasr-el-Sagha (see 
map in Introduction) some further remains, including portions of the premaxillae and 
a nearly complete ramus of the mandible. These specimens were described in detail by 
Dames * * * § , who founded upon them, especially upon the mandible, the species Z. osiris. 
Further material, including a fine skull and mandible of Z. osiris, was collected in 
1902 in the neighbourhood of Qasr-el-Sagha by Drs. Stromer and Blanckenhorn, the 
former of whom has since published an exhaustive memoir f on these remains, referring 
most of them to Z. osiris, but some to a smaller form to which the name Z. zitteli is 
given. This writer also compares the Egyptian Zeuglodouts with those of other 
localities and discusses the relationship of the group. Dr. Elliot Smith J has given 
an account of natural and artificial brain-casts from the same region, and concludes 
that probably two genera were present ; he also discusses the probability of the 
relationship of the Archseoceti to the true Whales, and considers that on the whole 
the brain-structure is in favour of the usual classification. Kecently Dr. E. Fraas § 
has described a skull of extraordinary interest from the bottom of the Lower Mokattam 
series of Cairo (corresponding with the AVadi Rayan series of Beadnell). This specimen 
has been made the type of a new genus and species, Protocetus afavus, and is remarkable 
as combining a skull which is typically Zeuglodont in general form with a dentition 
which is practically that of a Creodont. The dental formula is : i. 3, c. 1, jmi. 4, m. 3. 
The premolars and molars have not the peculiar serrated form characteristic of 
Zenglodon ; pm. 3, 4 and m. 1-3 have three roots and indications of an inner cusp. 
There can be no doubt that Fraas is correct in regarding this type as an annectant 
form between the Zeuglodouts and the Creodonta, but, although the origin of the 
Zeuglodouts is thus made clear, it still seems to be by no means so certain as that 
author believes, that they may not themselves be the ancestral forms of the Odontoceti. 
Of the material now to be described the most important is the skull of a Zeuglodont 
discovered by Mr. H. J. L. Beadnell in beds of the Birket-el-Qurun series, and 
* Palajont. Abliandl., n. s., vol. i. (1894) p. 189. 
t Beitr. Pal. ii. Geol. Oesterreic-b-Ungarns ii. d. Orients, vol. xv. (1903) p. 64. See also Sitziingsb. 
math.-pbys. Cl. k. bay. Akad. Wiss. vol. xxxii. (1902) p. 311, and Zeitschr. deutseb. geol. Gesell. vol. 55 
(1903), Protokolle, p. 36. 
t Proc. Eoy. Soc. vol. 71, 1903, p. 322. 
§ Palseont. Abbaudl., n. s., vol. vi. (1904) p. 199, pis. x.-xii. 
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