io8 
THE FRUIT 
Gramineae (this variety, with pericarp and testa united, is sometimes 
called a caryopsis ), Labiatae, &c. True nuts, from superior ovaries, 
occur in Betulaceae, but the term is applied to the large one-carpelled 
fruit of Anacardium, &c. A variety of achene or nut is the winged 
one-seeded indehiscent samara of ash, elm, Banisteria, Liriodendron, 
Ptelea, Ventilago, Seguieria, &c. 
Schizocarps are of various kinds, e.g. the lomentum of many Legu- 
minosae (a pod that is constricted between the seeds and breaks into 
one- seeded portions), the schizocarps of Euphorbiaceae, Geraniaceae, 
Malpighiaceae, Umbelliferae, many Malvaceae, and Sapindaceae, &c. 
(see Part II.). 
Dry dehiscent fruits are of several kinds ; the most common are 
the follicle , legume, and capsule . The follicle consists of one carpel, 
and dehisces along the ventral side only, as in Aconitum, Asclepia- 
daceae, Apocynaceae, Crassulaceae. The legume is similar but dehisces 
along both sides, as in most Leguminosae, e.g . a pea-pod. All dry fruits 
of more than one carpel are grouped under the general name of capsule, 
but special forms have special names, e.g . the pod-like siliqua of 
Cruciferae, the pyxis of Anagallis, &c. (capsule opening by a lid split 
off by circumscissile dehiscence), and others. The way in which the 
capsule dehisces is of systematic importance. The general method is 
by splitting from the apex downwards. If the splits, as in Iris, Epi- 
lobium, &c., run down the midrib of each carpel, the dehiscence is 
loculicidal : if, as in Hypericum, the fruit breaks into its component 
carpels, leaving the placental axis standing, it is septicidal ; if the outer 
wall of the fruit breaks away, leaving the septa standing, it is septifragal . 
The portions into which the fruit splits are termed valves. In Papaver, 
some Campanulas, &c., the dehiscence is porous , little openings forming 
in the pericarp. 
The commonest fleshy fruits are the berry and drupe. The 
former contains no hard part but the seeds ; these are surrounded by 
fleshy tissue and there is a firmer skin ( epicarp ) on the outside. Berries 
may be derived from superior ovaries, as in Berberis, Vitis, Solanum, &c. 
or from inferior, as in Ribes, Vaccinium, &c. In rare cases the berry 
dehisces, as in Myristica and Akebia, or is constricted between the 
seeds, as in Unona and Maerua. The drupe [e.g. cherry) has a skin 
(epicarp) on the surface, then a fleshy mass of tissue (mesocarp) and 
a hard shell or stone (endocarp), all forming part of the pericarp ; within 
the stone is the seed or kernel, usually without a hard coat. Drupes 
from superior ovaries occur in Prunus, &c., from inferior in Cornaceae, 
Juglans, &c. There may be one stone or pyrene (Prunus) or several 
(Cornus). 
Other fleshy fruits are the pome of Pyrus, &c. in which the fleshy 
receptacle encloses, and is united to, the core or product of the gynce- 
ceum proper ; the pepo or gourd of Cucurbitaceae, e.g. cucumber (a 
variety of the berry with hard epicarp), the peculiar pseudo-berry of 
Juniperus (q.v.), &c., the fruit of strawberry (large fleshy receptacle 
bearing achenes), rose (fleshy receptacle enclosing achenes), Anacardium 
(fleshy receptacle bearing a nut), Gaultheria (a capsule enclosed in the 
fleshy calyx), Urera, &c. (achene in fleshy perianth), and so on. 
