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ENGLER'S SYSTEM 
classes derived from separate stocks of the early Pterido- 
phyta, and the latter really two or more classes derived 
possibly from primitive Gymnosperms. The Angiosperms 
are divided into Mono- and Di-cotyledons in all systems, 
but the further subdivisions vary. We give below the 
characters of the groups as far as the cohorts : for orders 
see Pt. II. 
SYSTEM OF ENGLE R, 1903. 
SPERMAPHYTA. 
Gymnospermae. 
(Ovules before pollination not enclosed in ovary formed of united 
or infolded carpels; endosperm formed before fertilisation; see G. in 
Pt. II.) 
Class I. Cycadales (stem with little branching; leaves pinnately 
divided, forming rosette at end of stem; firs, dioecious, not massed in 
infl.; no perianth): 
N. O. 1. Cycadaceae. 
Class II. Ginkgoales (stem branched, with long and short shoots ; 
leaves fan shaped ; firs, dioecious ; sta. with 2 pollensacs ; ovules 1 or 2 
at end of rudimentary carpel). 
N. O. 2. Ginkgoaceae. 
Class III. Coniferae (stem branched ; leaves usually narrow, often 
linear; firs, unisexual; no perianth). 
N. O. 3. Taxaceae. 4. Araucariaceae. 
Class IV. Gnetales (stem simple or branched ; leaves in pairs, 
undivided; firs, unisexual or g , with perianth, and more or less enclosed 
in bracts). 
N. O. 5. Gnetaceae. 
Angiospermae. 
(Ovules produced in an ovary formed of coherent carpels or of one 
carpel with coherent margins ; endosperm formed after fertilisation ; see 
A. and Chalazogamae in Pt. II.) 
Class I. Monocotyledones (embryo with one cotyledon ; stem with 
closed vascular bundles, “scattered” as seen in cross-section; leaves 
usually parallel veined; firs, usually 3-merous ; see M. in Pt. II.); 
