294 
CARAIPA 
useful timber (tamacoari), and a valued medicinal balsam. Placed in 
Ternstroemiaceae by Bentham and Hooker. 
Carallia Roxb. ex R. Br. Rhizophoraceae. io sp. Madag., trop. As., 
Austr. The disc is usually double. 
Caralluma R. Br. Asclepiadaceae (n. 4). 60 sp. Medit. to E. Ind. 
Carapa Aubl. Meliaceae. 6 sp. trop. C. procera DC. and C. guian- 
ensis Aubl. yield a good oil from the seed (carapa, touloucouna, 
andiroba, tallicona, coondi). C. moliiccensis Lam. occurs among 
the mangroves (p. 19 1). 
Cardamine (Tourn.) Linn. (incl. Dentaria Linn.). Cruciferae (11. n). 
70 sp. , chiefly temp. C. pratensis L. (cuckoo-flower) and others in 
Brit. C. impatiens L. has an explosive fruit like that of Eschscholtzia. 
C. chenopodiifolia Pers. (S. Am.) possesses two kinds of fruit. Those 
formed on the upper part of the plant are normal siliquae ; at the base, 
in the axils of the leaves of the rosette cleistogamic firs, are formed 
which burrow into the soil and produce fruit there (cf. Arachis, Tri- 
folium, &c.). In C. pratensis there is extensive vegetative reproduction 
by the formation of adventitious buds on the radical leaves (p. 113) 
and in C. (D.) bulbifera R. Br. by means of axillary bulbils. See 
Schulz, Monograph in Engl. Jb. 32, p. 280. 
Cardanthera Buch.-Ham. (Synnema Benth.). Acanthaceae (iv. A.). 
10 sp. palaeotrop. 
Cardiopteris Wall. Icacinaceae (Olacineae B.-H.). 2 sp. Indo-mal. 
Cardiospermum Linn. Sapindaceae (1). 15 sp. trop., esp. Am. 
Cardopatium Juss. (Broteroa W.). Compositae (xi). 10 sp. Medit. 
Carduncellus Adans. Compositae (xi). 25 sp. Medit. 
Carduus (Tourn.) Linn. Synonymy: C. acaulis Linn., arvensis Robs., 
ferox Vill., heterophyllus Linn., lanceolatus Linn., 7 nontanus Pers., 
palustris Linn., pratensis Huds. = Cnicus (same sp. names); C . 
Marianus Linn. = Silybum M. ; C. mollis Linn. =Jurinea m. ; C . 
tuberosus L. = Cnicus pratensis. The genera Carduus, Cnicus and 
Cirsium are very nearly allied, and scarcely any two floras agree in 
the sp. assigned to them. See Index Kewensis. 
Compositae (xi). 80 sp. Eur., N. Afr., As. (thistles). C. nutans 
L. and others in Brit. 
Carex (Dill.) Linn. Cyperaceae (11). Over 500 sp. N. and S. 
temp., in marshes, &c. About 60 in Brit, (sedges). Grass-like 
plants. Pseudo-spikelets 1 -flowered, arranged in long spikes, which 
are sometimes unisexual, sometimes with both S and ? firs. The ? fir. 
has a second glume (see order). The firs, are protogynous and wind- 
fertilised. There is considerable vegetative reproduction by offshoots. 
Many of the Brit. sp. are alpine plants ; others, e.g. C. arenaria L. 
grow on sand-dunes and have the habit of Ammophila (p. 186). 
Careya Roxb. Lecythidaceae (Myrtaceae, Bentham-Hooker). 4 sp. 
Indo-mal., Austr. C. arborea Roxb. (patana oak) is almost the only 
tree on the great grassy expanses known as patanas in Ceylon. 
