CARLUDOVICA 
2 95 
Carica Linn. Caricaceae. 35 sp. trop. and subtrop. Am. C. Papaya 
L., the papaw, is universally cultivated in the tropics for its fruit, 
which is not unlike a melon. The leaves and the unripe fruit con- 
tain a milky juice in which is the proteid-ferment papain, and in 
Ceylon and elsewhere it is collected for use in digestive salts, &c. 
Meat wrapped in the leaves and buried becomes tender through a 
partial digestion of the fibres (see Umney in Kew Bull. 1897). 
C. candamarcensis Hook. f. is also cultivated in trop. mountains 
for its edible fruit, but it is the seeds of this which are eaten. 
Caricaceae {Papayaceae Warming). Dicotyledons (Archichl. Pane- 
tales). 2 gen. with 40 sp. trop. Am. Small trees, branched or not, 
with a terminal crown of leaves, and milky juice. Firs, in loose 
infls., unisexual 5-merous, corolla twisted in bud ; $ with long 
corolla tube and 2 whorls of introrse epipetalous sta. ; ? with short 
tube, 1- or 5-loc. ovary, short style, and 5 stigmas : ovules 00 ana- 
tropous, on parietal placentae. Berry. Endosperm. United to 
Passifloraceae by B. and H. ; placed in Passiflorinae by Warming. 
Carissa Linn. ( Arduina Mill.). Apocynaceae (1. 1). 20 sp. W. Afr. 
to Austr. Shrubs with branch thorns. C. Carandas L. has an edible 
fruit. 
Carlina Linn. Compositae (xi). 17 sp. Eur., and Canary Is. to mid- 
As. C. vulgaris L. (carline-thistle) is common in Brit. C. acaulis 
L. is the weather-thistle of the Alps, &c. The outer bracts of the 
involucre are prickly, the inner membranous and shining. They 
spread out like a star in dry air, but in damp weather bend inwards. 
Carlowrightia A. Gray. Acanthaceae (iv. b). 15 sp. S.W. U. S., 
Mex., N. Z. 
Carludovica Ruiz et Pav. Cyclanthaceae. 40 sp. trop. Am. The habit 
is that of a small palm (a few are climbers) with short stem and fan 
leaves, in whose axils arise the infls. Each is a cylindrical spadix, en- 
closed at first in a number of bracts, which fall off and leave it naked. 
Its surface is covered with firs, arranged as in the diagram (after Drude 
in Nat. Pfl. ; F = ? , m = $ , 
fir.). The $ fir. has a rudi- m m 
mentary perianth, and go sta., m m F m m 
united below. The? is sunk 111 m m 
in and united with the tissue F m m F 
of the spadix. It has 4 very m m m 
long staminodes and 4 stig- m m F m m 
mas corresponding to the 4 m m 
placentae in the i-loc. ovary. 
When the spadix opens the ? firs, are ripe and the long staminodes 
give a tangled appearance to the whole. After a few days the stigmas 
cease to be receptive and the anthers open. Afterwards the 3 firs, 
drop off and a multiple fruit is formed, composed of berries. 
The leaves of C. pal mat a R. and P., gathered young, cut into 
