3 °° 
CASS/A 
It would appear to be simply another case of variation in symmetry, 
like Exacum or Saintpaulia. In many sp. a division of labour takes 
place among the sta. (cf. Heeria) ; the insect visitors eat the pollen of 
the short sta. and carry away on their bodies that of the long sta. 
There is no honey in the fir. The fruit is often chambered up by 
‘ false ’ septa running across it — outgrowths from the placenta. 
Many sp. of C. are cultivated for their leaves, which when dried 
form the drug senna. Alexandrian senna is the product of C . acutifolia 
Delile, Italian of C. obovata Collad., Arabian of C. angustifolia Vahl. 
C. Fistula L., the purging Cassia or pudding-pipe tree, has its seeds 
embedded in pulp, which is used as a laxative. 
Cassine Linn. Celastraceae. 20 sp. S. Afr., Austr., Polynes., trop. 
Am. See Elaeodendron. 
Cassinia R. Br. Compositae (iv). 18 sp. S. Afr., Austr. N. Z. 
Cassiope D. Don. Ericaceae (11. 4). 7 sp. boreal. The leaf is very 
much rolled back (see order and cf. Empetrum) ; in C. Redowskii 
G. Don it is actually hollow. 
Cassytha Linn. Lauraceae (11). 15 sp. trop., esp. Austr. Parasites 
with the habit of Cuscuta. 
Castalia Salisb. = Nymphaea Linn. ( C . speciosa Salisb. =N. alba.) 
Castanea Tourn. ex Linn. (excl. Castanopsis Spach). Fagaceae. 3 
or 4 sp. N. Hemisph. C. vulgaris Lam. (saliva Mill.) is the Chestnut. 
The c? firs, are in dichasia of 3 — 7 firs., the ? in groups of 3, yielding 
3 nuts, enclosed in the prickly cupule (cf. others of order and Aesculus). 
The fruit is edible and the tree also yields useful wood and bark (used 
in tanning). See order for floral diagram. 
Castanopsis Spach. Fagaceae. 25 sp. trop. India. United to Castanea 
in Nat. PJl. 
Castanospermum A. Cunn. Leguminosae (in. 1). 1 sp. sub -trop. Austr., 
Cm australe A. Cunn., the Australian chestnut, so called because its 
seeds, when roasted, taste like chestnuts. 
Castilleja Mutis. Scrophulariaceae (ill. 12). 31 sp. N. Am., As., 
S. Am. (the painted lady or paint-brush). The upper leaves, or 
sometimes only their outer ends, are brightly coloured, adding to 
the conspicuousness of the firs. (cf. Cornus, Poinsettia, &c.). 
CastiUoa Cervant. Moraceae (11). 2 or 3 sp. Cent. Am., Cuba. The 
latex of C . elastica Cerv. yields caoutchouc (see Hevea, &c.). 
Casuarina Linn. Casuarinaceae. About 25 sp. Austr., Polynes., &c. 
Trees, often of weeping habit, wdth long slender green branches, 
cylindrical and deeply grooved. At the nodes are borne whorls of 
scale-leaves like those of Equisetum. The stomata and green tissue 
are at the bases of the grooves, whilst the ridges are formed of scleren- 
chyma, so that the plant is markedly xerophytic. Firs, unisexual. The 
$ are borne in terminal spikes on short lateral branches. Theintemodes 
are short and at every node is a cup (formed of the combined bracts) 
with several sta. hanging out over the edge. Each represents a <? fir. 
