3 T 4 
CINCHONA 
Cinchona Linn. Rubiaceae (i. 4). 40 sp. Andes. Trees. Firs, hetero- 
styled in some sp. Important as the source of Peruvian bark, from 
which are extracted the valuable drugs (alkaloids) quinine, cinchoni- 
dine, &c. The tree used to be cut down to obtain the bark and 
there was danger of its extinction until its cultivation was started on 
a large scale. An expedition sent to the Andes brought the plant to 
the east, where Ceylon soon took up its cultivation, and grew it upon 
so large a scale as to reduce the price of quinine from 12 s. to is. an 
ounce. The decrease in price, and the lack of any improvement in 
the barks made the cultivation die out in Ceylon, and Java, where 
the improvement of the bark was taken in hand, now monopolises 
it. India grows a good deal for supply to the poorer natives through 
the post offices. Several sp. are used, e.g. C. Calisaya Wefid. (yellow, 
and some crown, bark), C. Ledgeriana Moens (yellow bark, the richest 
in alkaloid), C. cor difolia Mutis (Cartagena bark), C. officinalis L. 
( conda??iinea H. & B.) (crown or brown bark). C. siiccirnbra Pav. 
(red bark). (See Markham, Travels in Peru and India ; Reimers, 
Les quinquinas de culture , 1900.) 
Cineraria Linn. Compositae (vm). 25 sp. S. Afr. Many sp. of 
Senecio are often included in this genus. 
Cinna Linn. Gramineae (vm). 2 sp. N. temp. 
Cinnamodendron Endl. Canellaceae. 3 sp. Brazil, W. Ind. 
Cinnamomum (Tourn.) Linn. Lauraceae (1). 120 sp. Indo-mal. 
Young leaves often red (p. 157). C. zeylanicum Nees (Ceylon) is 
the cinnamon. The plant is coppiced in cultivation, and the bark 
of the twigs peeled off and rolled up is the spice of commerce. 
C. Cassia Blume (China, Japan) yields Cassia bark, often used to 
adulterate cinnamon. Its fir. buds are used as a spice (cf. Eugenia). 
C. Camphora T. Nees & Eberm. (China, Japan, Formosa) is the 
camphor tree. In the Japanese way of treatment, the old trees in 
the forest are felled, and the wood cut into chips and distilled with 
steam, but in cultivation in Ceylon and elsewhere, the camphor is 
distilled from young shoots. 
Cinnamosma Baill. Canellaceae. 1 sp. Madag. 
Cipadessa Blume. Meliaceae. 4 sp. Indo-mal., Madag. 
Circaea Tourn. Onagraceae (vm). 7 sp. N. temp, and arctic. 2 in 
Brit, (enchanter’s nightshade). Fir. dimerous throughout with one 
whorl of sta. Fertilisation method like that of Veronica. Fruit hooked. 
Circaeaster Maxim. 1 sp. Ilimal., China. Position doubtful, perhaps 
near Chloranthaceae or Ranunculaceae (Hooker, leones Pl. } t. 2366). 
K 2 — 3, C o, A 1 — 2, G 1 — 4; fruits hooked. 
Cirrhopetalum Lindl. Orchidaceae (22). 30 sp. Indo-mal., Masc. 
Cirsium (Tourn.) Adans. = Cnicus Tourn. 
Cissampelos Linn. Menispermaceae. 70 sp. trop. S infl. cymose. 
? flr. with peculiar zygomorphic structure ; cpl. one, with one sepal 
and two petals at one side of it. Petals often united. 
