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CONIFERAE 
1. ABIETINEAE . Leaves spirally arranged. Ovule usually 
reversed (micropyle facing axis), 
i a. Araucariinae (cpl. simple ; i ovule, reversed, on middle line), 
i b. Abietinae (cpl. -povulif. scale, the latter large; ovules 
2, reversed). 
1 c. Taxodiinae (cpl. + ovulif. scale, or with swelling on inner 
side; ovules 2 — 8, axillary and erect (i.e. with micropyle 
away from axis), or on surface of cpl. and reversed). 
2. CUPRESSINEAE . Leaves (incl. those of cone) opp. or 
whorled, rarely alt. Ovules erect. 
2a. Actinoslrobinae (cone woody when ripe; cpls. valvate). 
2 b. Thujopsidinae (cone woody when ripe ; cpls. imbricate ; 
whorls of all firs. 2-merous). 
2 c. Cnpressinae (cone woody when ripe ; cpl. peltate ; whorls 
of all firs. 2-merous). 
2 d. Juniperinae (cone berry- or drupe -like when ripe). 
N. O. II. Taxaceae (Taxoideae). Cone-formation imperfect ; 
seeds projecting beyond cpls. or even naked. Seed with fleshy aril 
or drupaceous testa. 
3. PODOCARPEAE. Seeds more or less reversed. Cpls. always 
present, 1 -seeded. 
4. TAXEAE . Seeds erect. Cpls. sometimes wanting. 
Key to Genera . 
1. ABIETINEAE: 
1 a. A raucariinae : 
Seeds free from cpl. 1. Agathis. 
,, united to ,, 2. Araucaria. 
1 b. Abietinae : 
A. Long and short shoots both present. 
a. Long shoots with scale leaves only; the green (needle) 
leaves on the short shoots. 3. Pinus. 
b. Needle leaves on both shoots : 
a. Needles evergreen: fruit 2 — 3 years in ripening. 
f. Cedrus. 
/ 3 . Deciduous: fruit 1 year in ripening. 
I. Cone-scales persistent. 5. Larix. 
II. ,, deciduous. 6. Pseudolarix. 
B. Shoots of one kind only (long) : 
a. Needles 4-angled. Cone pendulous. Scales persistent. 
7. Picea. 
b. ,, flat. Otherwise as a. 8- Tsuga. 
c. ,, ,, Cone erect with deciduous scales. 
9. Abies. 
1 c. Taxodiinae : 
A. Long shoots with scale-leaves, and short shoots = double 
needles. 10. Sciadopitys. 
