334 
CONIFERAE 
B. [Long and short shoots, of usual form. Leaf like that of 
maiden-hair fern. 31. Ginkgo.] 
C. Long shoots only. 
a. Cpls. present, but aborting as they ripen, each with 2 ovules. 
32. Cephalotaxus. 
b. Cpls. absent; ? flower reduced to a naked ovule. 
a. Fir. shoots with 2 ovules. Sta. with 4 pollen sacs. 
33. Torreya. 
(3. ,, ,, 1 ovule. Sta. with 6 — 8 pollen sacs. 
34. Taxus. 
Conium Linn. Umbelliferae (5). 2 sp. Eur., As., Afr. C. maculatum 
L. (hemlock) in Brit. It is very poisonous. 
Connaraceae. Dicotyledons (Archichl. Rosales). 16 gen. with 160 sp., 
tropical ; closely allied to Leguminosae, being chiefly distinguished by 
the absence of stipules and the (usual) presence of more than two free 
cpls. They are mostly twining shrubs with alt. exstip. leaves and 
panicles of regular firs. K5, imbricate or valvate; C 5 ; A 10 some- 
times joined below; G5 or 1 or 4, each with 2 erect orthotropous 
ovules. Fruit usually one follicle with one seed, albuminous or 
not, arillate. Chief genera: Connarus, Rourea, Cnestis. Placed in 
Rosales by Benth. -Hooker, in Terebinthinae by Warming. 
Connarus Linn. Connaraceae. 50 sp. trop. Am., Afr., As. 
Conoceplialus Blume. Moraceae (ill). 10 sp. Indo-mal. The leaves 
of C. suaveolens Blume possess water-secreting glands (p. 114). 
Conopodium Koch. Umbelliferae (5). 12 sp. Eur., As., N. Afr. 
C. denudatuin Koch (. Bunium flexnosum With.) in Brit, (earth nut). 
The tuberous roots are edible when roasted. 
Conospermum Sm. Proteaceae (1). 33 sp. Austr. C . Stoechadis 
Endl. has been suggested as a useful plant to introduce into desert 
regions. “All kinds of pasture animals browse with avidity on the 
long, tender, and downy flower-stalks and spikes, without touching 
the foliage” (F. von Mueller). 
Conostylis R.Br. Amaryllidaceae (in). 32 sp. W. Austr. [Haemo- 
doraceae, Benth. -Hooker.] 
Convallaria Linn. Liliaceae (vn). 1 sp. N. temp. (incl. Brit.), 
C. majalis L., the lily of the valley, which occurs in woods. The 
stock developes a few scales and two green leaves annually. The 
firs, are homogamous and fertilise themselves in absence of insects. 
Convallariaceae (Warming) = Liliaceae (suborders vi — xi). 
Convolvulaceae. Dicotyledons (Sympet. Tubiflorae). About 40 gen. 
with 1000 sp. trop. and temp. Many are annual herbs, others shrubs 
or (rarely) trees. Several are thorny xerophytes, many are climbing 
herbs or lianes, and one (Cuscuta) is a climbing parasite. Some have 
tuberous roots (e.g. Ipomoea Batatas) , others rhizomes or tuberous 
stems. Latex is often present. Leaves alt., usually petiolate, rarely 
with stipules. Accessory buds are often found in the leaf-axils. 
