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436 
podial rhizome giving off one leafy shoot each year. The leaves are 
of various types, with large sheathing bases. Some are flat and 
grass-like, others needle-like, and still others centric in structure and 
standing erect. These last are chiefly found in the sp. inhabiting 
level plateaus in northern regions, where the light in summer comes 
from almost every direction in turn, and it has been suggested (see 
p. 1 81) that the erect position and centric structure is due to this; 
probably there is some correlation between the two phenomena. 
The infl. is a dense head or panicle, of cymose construction (usually 
rhipidia or drepania; see p. 64). In some sp. it appears to be 
lateral on a leaf-like cylindrical stem, but is really only pushed to one 
side by the bract of the infl. Fir. protogynous and wind-fertilised. 
Rushes are largely used for making baskets, chair bottoms, &c. 
J, squarrosus L. is common on hill pastures in Brit. ; it is eaten by 
sheep and forms a valuable part of their fodder when grass is scarce. 
Juniperas Tourn. ex Linn. Coniferae (Arauc. 2 d ; see C. for genus 
characters). 30 sp. N. Hemisp. The common Juniper, y. commu- 
nis L. (Asia and Eur. inch Britain), and y. Oxycedrus L., &c. have 
needle leaves throughout life; others, such as y. Sabina L., the 
Savin (Eur. As.), have small leaves closely appressed, as in Cupressus. 
Seedling forms of these are known (see Retinospora). The cone 
consists of 1 — 4 whorls of scales, one only being fertile, as a rule. In 
ripening the whole becomes a fleshy mass enclosing the hard seeds, 
and forming a good imitation of a true berry. The fruit is eaten by 
birds. That of y. communis is used in making gin. The wood of 
y. yirginiana L. is the red cedar used for pencils. 
Jurinea Cass. Compositae (xi). 50 sp. Medit., Eur., As. 
Jussieua Linn. (Jussiaea). Onagraceae (1). 36 sp. trop. ; water and 
marsh plants. Aerating tissue is well developed (cf. Sonneratia, 
Sesbania, and see p. 161). In y. repens L. (y. diffusa Forsk.), 
when growing in water, two forms of root develope, ordinary anchor- 
age roots and erect spongy roots which grow upwards, often till they 
reach the surface of the water. The bulk of the tissue consists of 
aerenchyma. In y. suffy'uticosa L. (y. salicifolia H. B. et K.) there is 
an erect stem, whose lower part is covered with aerenchyma if grow- 
ing in water (cf. Lycopus). If the plants be grown on land none of 
these phenomena appear. [Figs., &c. in Goebel’s PJianzenbioL 
Schild. 11. 256.] 
Justicia Houst. ex Linn. Acanthaceae (iv. B). 250 sp. trop. 
Kadsura Kaempf. Magnoliaceae (2). 7 sp. trop. As. and Japan. Firs, 
unisexual, spiral throughout. Climbing shrubs with no stipules. 
Kaempferia Linn. Zingiberaceae. 18 sp. trop. Afr., E. Ind. 
Kalanchoe Adans. Crassulaceae. 55 sp. trop. Like Bryophyllum. 
Kalmia Linn. Ericaceae (1. 3). 6 sp. N. Am. The anthers are held in 
pockets of the corolla, and thus, when the flr. is open, the filaments 
are bent like bows. An insect probing on the outer side of the 
