PINUS 
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common. P. Anisum L. (Medit.) is the Anise, whose fruits (aniseed) 
are largely used in flavouring. 
Pinanga Blume. Palmae (iv. 6). 40 sp. Indo-mal. 
Pinguicula Tourn. ex Linn. Lentibulariaceae. 30 sp. N. extra-trop., 
Andes, Antarctic zone; 3 in Brit, (butterwort), of which P. vulgaris 
L. is common. It has a rhizome with a rosette of radical leaves 
arranged in f phyllotaxy. The leaves are covered with glands, some 
sessile, some on stalks, secreting a sticky fluid to which small insects 
adhere. Rain washes them against the edge of the leaf, which is 
slightly upturned : when stimulated by the presence of proteid bodies 
it rolls over upon itself and encloses them, and then the sessile glands 
secrete a ferment, digest the prey, and absorb the products (see p. 
178), after which the leaf unrolls again. P. lusitanica L. is found on 
the western shores of Brit, and is one of a few sp. which have 
migrated thus far up the Atl. coasts (its home is Portugal). 
Pinus (Tourn.) Linn. Synonymy: P. Abies L. (P. excelsa Lam.) = Picea 
excelsa; P. alba Ait. = Picea alba; P. balsam ea L. = Abies balsamea; 
P. Cedrus L. = Cedrus Libani ; P. Douglasii Lamb. = Tsuga Doug - 
lasii; P. Larix V,. — Larix europaea; P. maritima Lam . = P. Pinaster; 
P. nigra Ait = Picea nigra; P. Picea L. = Abies pectinata . 
Coniferae (Arauc. ib: see C. for genus characters). 70 sp. N. 
temp, and on Mts. in the N. tropics. They are evergreen, resinous 
trees with both long and short shoots (sec Coniferae). If a tree be 
examined in winter the main axes will be found each with a group of 
buds at the end, one terminal, the rest lateral. They are covered 
with resinous scale leaves. Each gives rise in spring to a ‘long 
shoot * or shoot of unlimited growth ; if it be the main axis of all, we 
see the terminal bud continue it, forming a year’s growth before 
branching in a similar way again. The large branches thus form 
rough whorls marking each year’s growth. On the stem of a long 
shoot no green leaves are directly borne, but only scales, first the bud 
scales above mentioned and then others in whose axils arise the 
‘short shoots’, or shoots of limited growth. Each of these has a few 
scale leaves at the base of a very short stem and ends with 2 or more 
green leaves of needle shape. When there are two, their upper flat 
sides face one another. These needle leaves exhibit xerophile charac- 
ters in a high degree ; they are thick in proportion to surface exposed, 
they have a very stout epidermis with a hypoderm of thick walled 
tisue under it, and the stomata are placed at the bottom of deep pits ; 
the intercellular spaces too are very small. 
The firs, take the form of the familiar cones, the <? being grouped 
together in spikes. Each fir. whether g or ? , occupies the position of 
a short shoot and is of limited growth — an axis with a few scale-leaves 
below bearing a number of sporophylls. In the <? there are many sta., 
each with two pollen-sacs on the under side; the pollen is loose and 
powdery, and each grain has two bladdery expansions of the cuticle 
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