PIPERALES 
53i 
turpentine, the remainder rosin. Tar and pitch are corre- 
spondingly the products of destructive distillation in closed 
chambers. P. Pumilio Haenke (P. montana Mill.) is a 
shrubby decumbent sp., Pyrenees to Caucasus. P. Pinea L. 
(Medit.), the stone pine, furnishes edible seeds (‘pignons’). 
P. Laricio Poir. (S. Eur.) is the Corsican pine. P. Pinaster 
Ait., the cluster pine or pinaster (Medit.) is a valuable 
tree. It grows well near the sea, and large areas of the 
Landes of S. France are planted with it. It furnishes much 
of the turpentine &c. in use. P. echinata Mill, the short 
leaved or yellow pine is a valuable N. Am. sp. 
§ 2. Taeda (needles 3, triangular in section) : 16 sp. P. Taeda L., 
is the loblolly or frankincense pine of the southern U. S. 
It yields turpentine. P. palustris Mill. [P. australis 
Michx.) is the pitch-pine of the U. S. It yields timber 
and turpentine. Other sp., e.g. P. ponderosa Dougl. and 
P. rigida Mill., are also known by the name of pitch-pine. 
II. STROBES Spach. Visible part of fruit scale with terminal 
boss. Needles usually 5 in each short shoot. 20 sp. 
§ 1. Eustrobus (cones hanging, seeds winged): P. Strobus L., the 
Weymouth pine (East N. Am.), a timber tree; P. Lamber- 
tiana Dougl., the giant sugar pine of the Western States; 
P. excelsa Wall., the Bhotan pine (E. India). 
§ 2. Cembra (cones erect or drooping, seeds not winged) ; P. Ce?n- 
bra L. the Siberian cedar (Alps, Carpathians, Ural, Siber.) 
has edible seeds and valuable wood; P. fiexilis James 
(N. Am.) &c. [For further details see Nat. PJl ., Veitch’s 
Manual of Coniferae, Muller’s Select Extratrop. Plants , 
&c.] 
Piper Linn, (inch Chavica Miq.). Piperaceae. 700 sp. trop. mostly 
climbing shrubs. Firs, in sympodial spikes, the bracts closely 
appressed to the axis. The fruit is a berry. That of P. nigrum L. 
gathered before it is ripe and dried, forms a black peppercorn ; or if 
the outside be removed by maceration, a white one. P. Cubeba L. 
f. is the cubebs, P. Betle L. the Betel pepper (see Areca). See Treas . 
of Bot. 
Piperaceae. Dicotyledons (Archichl. Piperales). 7 gen. with 1150SP. 
trop. Plants of low organisation. Herbs or shrubs with undivided 
leaves with or without stipules ; the leaves have a pungent taste. Firs, 
naked, in spikes. Sta. 1 — ro. Cpls. (1 — 4); ovary i-loc. with 1 basal 
orthotropous ovule. Seeds with dense perisperm round the endo- 
sperm; embryo small. The stem-anatomy is interesting. Piper is 
economically useful. Chief genera: Piper, Peperomia. Placed in 
Micrembryae by Benth. -Hooker (who include Saururaceae in P.), in 
Polygoniflorae by Warming. 
Piperales. The 2nd cohort of Archichlamydeae (p. 126) 
34—2 
