SPARMANNIA 
59 i 
tropics for its edible fruit. [For S. Lycopersicum L. (tomato) see 
Lycopersicum.] 
Soldanella Linn. Primulaceae (1). 4 sp. Alps of Eur. (p. 149). The 
firs, expand at very low temperatures, often coming up through the 
snow ; they have a mechanism like that of Erica. 
Solenanthus Ledeb. Boraginaceae (iv. 1). 15 sp. Medit., As. 
Solidago (Vaill.) Linn. Compositae (ill). 80 sp. Am.; 1 in Eur. 
(inch Brit.), S, Virgaurea L., the golden rod. 
Sollya Lindl. Pittosporaceae. 2 sp. W. Austr. Twiners. 
Sonchus (Tourn.) Linn. Compositae (xm). 45 sp. Old World ; 3 in 
Brit, (sow-thistle). Like Hieracium. 
Sonerila Roxb. ( Cassebeeria Dennst.) Melastomaceae (1). 60 sp. 
Indo-mal. , China. 
Sonneratia Linn. f. [Blatti Adans.). Blattiaceae. 6 sp. Indo-mal. 
Mangroves (p. 191), with the general habit of Rhizophoraceae. 
Aerial roots spring vertically out of the mud, arising as lateral, nega- 
tively geotropic branches upon the ordinary roots ; they are provided 
with aerenchyma (p. 19 1), and appear to be respiratory organs (see 
Goebel, Ber . D . Bot. Ges. IV, 1886, p. 249 and Pflanzenbiol. Sch. 1, 
p. 139). 
Sopliora Linn. Leguminosae (ill. i). 25 sp. trop. and warm temp. 
Winter-buds naked. The wood is very hard. 
Sophronitis Lindl. Orchidaceae (13). 4 sp. Brazil, epiphytic. 
Sorbus (Tourn.) Linn. = Pyrus Tourn. 
Sorghum Linn. (incl. in Andropogon in Nat. Pfl.). Gramineae (11). 
13 sp. trop. and subtrop. The chief is S. vulgare Pers., the millet 
or guinea corn, largely cultivated in the Medit. region &c. as a 
cereal. From the halm of the var. saccharatum Koern. sugar is 
sometimes prepared. 
Spadiciflorae (Warming). The 3rd cohort of Monocotyledons (p. 138). 
Sparganiaceae. Monocotyledons (Pandanales). Only genus Spar- 
ganium (q.v.). United to Typhaceae by Benth. -Hooker and 
Warming. 
Sparganium (Tourn.) Linn. Sparganiaceae. 9 sp. N. temp., Austr., 
N.Z. ; 3 in Brit, (bur-weed), in shallow ponds. There is a creeping 
rhizome and a stem projecting above water with the leaves and firs. 
These are in spherical heads, the S heads usually higher up the axis 
than the ? . Each fir. has P 3 — 6, scaly, sepaloid ; the <? has 3—6 
sta., alt. with P. when equal in number ; the ? has 1 or (2) cpls. ; 
ovule 1, pendulous near base of ovary, with micropyle upwards. Fruit 
drupaceous, with albuminous seed. Fir. protogynous, anemophilous. 
Sparmannia Linn. f. Tiliaceae. 3 sp. trop. and S. Afr. S. africana 
Linn. f. is often grown in hot-houses. Firs, in cymose umbels (as is 
easily recognised by their centrifugal order of opening). The sta. are 
sensitive to contact, moving outwards when touched (cf. Helianthe- 
mum). 
