6l2 
TULBAGHIA 
Tulbaghia Linn. Liliaceae (iv). io sp. trop. and S. Afr. 
Tulipa Linn. Liliaceae (v). 50 sp. N. temp, (tulip) , esp. on the steppes 
of Cent. As. The seeds are flat, and the capsule, even when the fir. 
is pendulous, stands erect to prevent their escape except when shaken. 
Many are garden favourites. 
Tunica Hall. Caryophyllaceae (1. 2). 20 sp. E. Medit. 
Turnera Plum, ex Linn. Turneraceae. 57 sp. trop. and subtrop. Am., 
1 Bourbon and Mauritius. 
Turneraceae. Dicotyledons (Archichl. Parietales). 6 gen. with 88 sp. 
chiefly trop. Am. and Afr. Trees, shrubs and herbs, with alt. usually 
exstip. leaves, whose teeth are sometimes glandular. Firs, usually 
solitary in the leaf-axils, $ , regular, perigynous. K 5, imbricate, 
usually with a hemispherical swelling on inner side; C 5 ; A 5 ; G (3), 
i-loc. with parietal placentae; styles 3; ovules 3 — oo , anatropous. 
Fruit a capsule, loculicidal. Seed with funicular aril, and copious 
endosperm. Nearly all the T. have dimorphic heterostyled flowers 
(cf. Primula). Many have extrafloral nectaries. Self-fertilisation occurs, 
in absence of insect visits, by the corolla withering and pressing the 
anthers and stigmas together. Chief genus : Turnera. Placed in Passi- 
florales by Benth. -Hooker, in Passiflorinae by Warming. 
Turraea Linn. Meliaceae. 40 sp. trop., except Am. 
Turritis Toum. ex Linn. = Arabis Linn. 
Tussilago (Tourn.). Linn. Compositae (vm). 1 sp. Eur., N. Afr., 
As., 7 \ Farfara L., colt’s foot, common in Brit. The firs, appear 
in spring before the leaves ; the plant multiplies and hibernates by aid 
of underground offshoots. The flower-head is monoecious ; in the 
centre are about 40 <? flrs., surrounded by about 300 % flrs. The males 
retain the style, as usual, to act as pollen-presenter, but it has no 
stigmas. Honey is secreted in the S flrs., but not in the ? , so that 
the head altogether presents a very interesting example of division of 
labour. The ? flrs. being the outer ones are ripe before the <? , and 
self-fertilisation is almost impossible. 
Tylophora R. Br. Asclepiadaceae (11 4). 40 sp. Indo-mal., Austr., 
Afr. 
Typha Linn. Typhaceae. 12 sp. temp, and trop., in marshes; 2 in 
Brit, (reed-mace, cat’s-tail, bulrush). The lower part of the stem is a 
thick rhizome ; the upper part projects high out of the water and bears 
the infl., which is a dense spike, divided into two parts, the upper c? 
(usually yellow), the lower ? (brown). S flr. of 2 — 5 sta., the con- 
nective projecting beyond the anthers; the flr. is enclosed in a number 
of hairs : the $ flr. is similarly enclosed, and is of 1 cpl. with 1 pen- 
dulous ovule, the micropyle towards the base or ventral side of the 
ovary. Flr. anemophilous. The truits are achenes covered by the 
long downy hairs above mentioned, which aid in distribution. Seed 
albuminous; embryo straight. 
Typhaceae. Monocotyledons (Pandanales). Only genus Typha (q.v.). 
