2 24 SCENERY OF SWITZERLAND. 
however, does not affect the relative elevations. The 
dotted lines follow the natural slope of a river, and 
the strengthened parts show where portions of ter- 
race still remain. It is obvious that before the 
ancient Schyn had cut its way up to Tiefenkasten 
the Oberhalbstein Rhine and the Landwasser flowed 
over the Parpan Pass, and not only flowed over it, 
but have cut it down some 610 metres, that is to 
say, when the river flowed over it with its natural 
regimen in relation to the valley it was at a height 
of 2200 metres, and has left a fragment of terrace 
at that height at Urder Angstberg, the Parpan itself 
being only 1500 metres. 
In fact, the Parpan and Kunkels passes are de- 
serted river valleys, showing on each side river ter- 
races, and were obviously once the beds of great 
rivers, very different from the comparatively small 
streams which now run in their lower parts. 
In the meanwhile, however, the Landquart 
stealthily crept up the valley, attacked the ridge 
which then united the Casanna and the Madrishorn, 
and gradually forcing the passage between Dorfli 
and Klosters, invaded the valleys of the Schlappina, 
Vereina, and Sardasca, absorbed them as tributaries, 
detached them from their allegiance to the Land- 
