104 
THE FLOWER (. PROTECTION ) 
against the drought of the dry season. As a rule however the calyx and 
corolla afford enough protection to prevent injury by cold, wet, &c. to 
the more delicate stamens and carpels. In hot tropical regions many 
flowers are protected against the heat. 
Many flowers execute protective movements after they have 
opened ; these are chiefly such as expose their pollen very freely to the 
weather. E.g. in Linum, Fragaria, Daucus, Papaver, Anemone, 
Beilis, &c. the flowers (or heads) curve downwards at night and in wet 
weather, returning to the erect position in the morning or when it is 
fine. The flowers (or heads) often close in dull weather or at night, 
e.g. in Anagallis, Beilis, Tragopogon, Calandrinia, and numerous others. 
Besides these movements there are others which only take place once. 
The flower-stalks often stand in different positions whilst the flower is 
in bud to those they occupy when it opens or while the fruit is ripening. 
Hansgirg divides movements of this kind (gamo- and carpo-tropic , i.e. 
before and after fertilisation) into seven types, viz. (i) the Oxalis type, 
as seen in Oxalis, Geranium sp., &c. (see Part II.), (2) the Primula 
type, as in Primula, many Umbelliferae, &c. , (3) the Coronilla type, as 
in many Papilionate Leguminosae, (4) the Veronica type, as in 
Veronica, Cardamine, Reseda, Epilobium, &c., (5) the Aloe type, as .in 
Muscari, Funkia, Vicia, Aloe, &c., (6) the Fragaria type, as in 
Fragaria, Anagallis, Aristolochia, Tussilago, &c., (7) the Aquilegia 
type, as in Delphinium, Aconitum, Aquilegia, Solanum nigrum , &c. 
The Seed. In the lower classes of plants the spore 
(or megaspore) falls out of the sporangium and germinates 
upon the soil. In the flowering plants proper it remains in 
the ovule, and the latter ripens into a seed after its ovum has 
been fertilised. In lower plants the fertilised ovum de- 
velops into a new plant by continuous growth ; in Sperma- 
phytes there is a resting period when the seed is ripe, and 
growth does not continue until the seed is placed under 
suitable conditions ; given these, it germinates or sprouts 
and the growth into a new plant continues. Most plants are 
incapable of movement in their ordinary condition and must 
live out their life upon the spot where they began it. It is 
not however advantageous that the offspring should com- 
mence life in the immediate shadow of the parent, and at 
one period of the life-history, every plant is capable of 
movement from one place to another, occupying so small 
a bulk that it can be transported by wind or other agency. 
In the lower forms this ‘ condensed plant J is the spore, in 
higher forms the seed. The spore, being of one cell only 
and thus small and light, is ideally adapted to transport by 
wind ; the seed being necessarily of many cells loses this 
