202 
CAMPANULA 
pollen is shed in the bud, the sta. standing closely round the style 
and depositing their pollen upon the hairs. As the fir. opens the sta. 
wither, with the exception of their triangular bases that protect the 
honey, and the style presents the pollen to insects visiting the fir. 
After a time the stigmas separate and the fir. is now female, and 
finally the stigmas curl right back on themselves and so effect self- 
fertilisation. (See order, and cf. Phyteuma and Jasione.) The seeds 
are light and are contained in a capsule, which if erect dehisces at 
the apex, if pendulous at the base, so that the seeds, as is so often 
the case (cf. Papaver), can only escape when the plant is shaken, e.g. 
in strong winds. Several sp. are cultivated (Canterbury bells &c.). 
Campanulaceae. Dicotyledons (Sympet. Campanulatae). 59 gen. 
with abt. 1000 sp., temp, and sub-trop. They are mostly perennial 
herbs (a few trees and shrubs), with alt., exstip. leaves, and usually 
with latex. The infl. may terminate the primary axis, or one of the 
second order. It is generally racemose, ending with a terminal fir. 
in Campanuloideae. In some cases, instead of single firs, in the axils 
of the bracts of the raceme, small dichasia occur (cf. Labiatae). 
Others have the whole infl. cymose (Canarina, Pentaphragma &c.). 
The fir. is usually $ , regular or zygomorphic, epigynous, gene- 
rally 5-merous. The odd sepal is posterior in Campanuloideae, but 
anterior in the other groups. In these, however, a twisting of the 
axis through 180 0 takes place before the fir. opens (cf. Orchids), so 
that the odd sepal is finally posterior. K5, open; C(5) valvate; A 5 
epigynous ; anthers introrse, sometimes united ; G(5), (3) or (2), multi- 
loc. with axile placentae bearing 00 anatropous ovules. Style simple; 
stigmas as many as cpls. Fruit a capsule, dehiscing in various ways 
in different genera, or a berry. Seeds with fleshy endosperm. 
The natural history of the fir. in this order is of interest, both in 
itself and as exhibiting transitions to the Composite type. Honey is 
secreted by a disc at the base of the style and is covered in most 
cases by the triangular bases of the sta., which fit closely together 
and only allow of the insertion of a proboscis between them. This, 
taken together with the size of the firs., their frequently blue colour 
and pendulous position, points to their being best adapted to the 
visits of bees. Observation shows this to be the case, but there are 
also many other visitors of various insect classes, so that this order 
cannot be placed in the flower class H (see p. 90) but must be 
placed in class B. A few exceptions occur however; the bulk of the 
order has large firs., conspicuous by themselves, but Phyteuma and 
Jasione have small firs, massed together in heads, and therefore come 
into class B' along with the Compositae. 
The general principle of the floral mechanism is the same throughout 
the order (so far as is known) and agrees with that of the Compositae. 
The fir. is very protandrous, and the style (with its stigmas closed up 
against one another) has the pollen shed upon it by the anthers, 
