288 
C A RD A MINE 
Cardamine (Tourn.) Linn. (incl. Dentaria Linn.). Craciferae (n. n). 
70 sp., chiefly temp. C. pratensis L. (cuckoo-flower) and others in 
Brit. C. impatiens L. has an explosive fruit like that of Eschscholtzia. 
C. chenopodiifolia Pers. (S. Am.) possesses two kinds of fruit. Those 
formed on the upper part of the plant are normal siliquae ; at the base, 
in the axils of the leaves of the rosette cleistogamic flrs. are formed 
which burrow into the soil and produce fruit there (cf. Arachis, Tri- 
folium, &c.). In C. pratensis there is extensive vegetative reproduction 
by the formation of adventitious buds on the radical leaves (p. 113) 
and in C. (D.) bulbifera R. Br. by means of axillary bulbils. 
Cardiospermum Linn. Sapindaceae (1). n sp. trop., esp. Am. 
Carduus (Tourn.) Linn. Synonymy : C. acanlis Linn., arvensis Robs., 
ferox Vill., heterophyllus Linn., lanceolatus Linn., montanus Pers., 
palustris Linn., pratensis Huds. = Cnicus (same sp. names); C. 
Marianus Linn. = Silybum M. ; C . ?nollis Linn. =Jurinea m. ; C. 
tuberosns L. = Cnicus pratensis. The genera Carduus, Cnicus and 
Cirsium are very nearly allied, and scarcely any two floras agree in 
the sp. assigned to them. See Index Kewe 7 isis. 
Compositae (xi). 80 sp. Eur., N. Afr., As. (thistles). C. nutans 
L. and others in Brit. 
Carex (Dill.) Linn. Cyperaceae (11). Over 500 sp. N. and S. 
temp., in marshes, &c. About 60 in Brit, (sedges). Grass-like 
plants. Pseudo-spikelets 1 -flowered, arranged in long spikes, which 
are sometimes unisexual, sometimes with both S and ? flrs. The ? fir. 
has a second glume (see order). The flrs. are protogynous and wind- 
fertilised. There is considerable vegetative reproduction by offshoots. 
Many of the Brit. sp. are alpine plants ; others, e.g. C. arenaria L. 
grow on sand-dunes and have the habit of Ammophila (p. 186). 
Carica Linn. Caricaceae. 24 sp. trop. and sub-trop. Am. C. Papaya L., 
(Papaw) largely cult, for its edible fruit. The leaves, &c., contain the 
proteid-ferment papain. Meat rubbed with them becomes tender 
through partial digestion of the fibres. See Solms in Bot. Zeit. 1889. 
Caricaceae (Papayaceae Warming). Dicotyledons (Archichl. Pariet- 
ales). 2 gen. (Carica, Jacaratia) with 30 sp. neotrop., S. Am. Firs. 
J , ? , 5-merous, hypog., sympet. A 5 + 5, G 1- or 5*loc. Ovules 00 , 
anat. Berry. Endosperm. United to Passifloraceae by Benth. -Hooker; 
placed in Passiflorinae by Warming. 
Carissa Linn. ( Arduina Mill.). Apocynaceae (1. 1). 20 sp. W. Afr. 
to Austr. Shrubs with branch thorns. 
Carlina Linn. Compositae (xi). 17 sp. Eur., and Canary Is. to mid- 
As. C. vulgaris L. (carline-thistle) is common in Brit. C. acaulis 
L. is the weather-thistle of the Alps, &c. The outer bracts of the 
involucre are prickly, the inner membranous and shining. They 
spread out like a star in dry air, but in damp weather bend inwards 
over the fruit-head. 
Carludovica Ruiz et Pav. Cyclanthaceae. 40 sp. trop. Am. The habit 
