CARUM 
289 
is that of a small palm (a few are climbers), with short stem and fan 
leaves, in whose axils arise the infls. Each is a cylindrical spadix, en- 
closed at first in a number of bracts, which fall off and leave it naked. 
Its surface is covered with firs, arranged as in the diagram (after Drude 
in Nat. PJl . ; F = $ , m = <? , 
fir.). The <? fir. has a rudi- 
m 
m 
TP 
m 
m m 
mentary perianth, and 00 sta., 
r 
united below. The ? is sunk 
m 
m 
m 
in and united with the tissue 
F 
m m 
F 
of the spadix. It has 4 very 
m 
m 
m 
long staminodes and 4 stig- 
mas corresponding to the 4 
m 
F 
m m 
placentae in the i-loc. ovary. 
m 
m 
When the spadix opens the ? firs. 
are 
ripe 
and the long staminodes 
give a tangled appearance to the whole. After a few days the stigmas 
cease to be receptive and the anthers open. Afterwards the <? firs, 
drop off and a multiple fruit is formed, composed of berries. 
The leaves of C. palmnta R. & P., gathered young, cut into 
thin strips and bleached, form the material of which Panama hats are 
made. 
Carmichaelia R. Br. Leguminosae (ill. 6). 12 sp. N. Z. (1 on Lord 
Howe’s I.). Xerophytes with flattened green stems (phylloclades, 
see p. 166) and no green leaves (cf. Bossiaea). 
Carpentaria Torr. Saxifragaceae (ill). 1 sp. Calif. Like Philadelphus, 
but ovary superior. 
Carpesium Linn. Compositae (iv). 8 sp. S. Eur., As. 
Carpinus Linn. Betulaceae. 12 sp. N. temp. C. Betulus L. in Brit, 
(the hornbeam). The ? catkins are terminal on long shoots, the 
5 are themselves short shoots. In the axil of each scale of the latter 
are 4 — 10 sta. each split almost to the base. No bracteoles are 
present, so that it is doubtful how many firs, of the possible 3 (see 
order) are represented. In the ? there are the 2 lateral firs, with all 
6 bracteoles. On the top of the 2-loc. ovary is a small perianth. 
The fruit is a 1 -seeded nut with a 3-lobed leafy wing on one side, 
whose centre lobe corresponds to the bract a or ( 3 , the lateral lobes to 
the bracteoles a, ( 3 '; these unite and grow large after fertilisation. 
The hornbeam is very like the beech in habit, but the leaves are not 
shiny. The timber is not much used. 
Carrichtera Adans. Cruciferae (11. 9). 1 sp. Medit. 
Carthamus (Tourn.) Linn. Compositae (xi). 20 sp. Medit., Afr., As. 
C. tinctorius L. is the safflower, largely cultivated in Asia &c. ; its 
firs, are used in dyeing; powdered and mixed with talc they form rouge. 
Carum Linn. (incl. Bunium Linn., Petroselinum Hoffm.). Umbelli- 
ferae (5). 60 sp. temp, and sub-trop. C. Carvi L. is cultivated for 
its fruits (caraway seeds). C. Petroselinum Benth. and Hook. f. 
(P. sativum Hoffm.) is the common parsley. 
W. 
19 
