294 
CASUARINA 
and has a 2 -leaved perianth and 2 bracteoles. The ? firs, are borne 
in dense spherical heads. Each is naked in the axil of a bract, has 2 
bracteoles, and consists of 2 cpls., syncarpous, the posterior loc. empty, 
the anterior containing 2 or more ovules. The long styles hang out 
beyond the bracts and wind-fertilisation occurs. Afterwards the whole 
head becomes woody (bracts as well) enclosing the ripening seeds and 
protecting them from drought, &c. The seed is winged and is enclosed 
in the woody bracteoles. For further details see order. The wood 
of these plants (beef- wood) is valued for its extreme hardness ; several 
sp. are used, known in Austr. as she-oak, forest-oak, &c. The green 
shoots are used as fodder for cattle. 
Casuarinaceae. Dicotyledons (Archichl. Fagales ?). Only genus Casu- 
arina {q-v.). The place to be assigned to this order in the natural 
system has been much disputed. Its nearest allies seem to be the 
Betulaceae. In 1891 Treub discovered the chalazogamic fertilisation 
(see art. C halazogamae ) and proposed to remove it from its place near 
the B. Later discoveries however show that these plants too are cha- 
lazogamic, as also Juglans, and thus C. may still be kept beside them 
until further study shows whether the classification of the more pri- 
mitive Dicotyledons must be entirely altered. 
Casuarineae (Benth. -Hooker) = preceding. Placed in Unisexuales. 
Casuariniflorae (Warming). The 2nd cohort of Choripetalae (p. 137). 
Catabrosa Beauv. Gramineae (x). About 7 sp. temp. (1 Brit.). 
Catalpa Scop. Bignoniaceae (11). 10 sp. Am., E. As. C. bigno - 
nioides Walt, is often grown in parks. It yields a very durable 
timber. 
Catananche Linn. Compositae (xm). 5 sp. Medit. 
Catasetum Rich. Orchidaceae (17). 30 sp. trop. Am. Epiphytes. 
The firs, show an extraordinary polymorphism, 3 widely different forms 
occurring on different (or sometimes on the same) stocks. For a 
long time these were regarded as separate genera, but it is now 
known that they are all forms of C. The old genus C. is the c? form, 
Myanthus Lindl. the $ and Monachanthus Lindl. the $ . The labellum 
is uppermost in the fir. The pollinia are ejected with great violence 
when one of the horns of the column is touched. For details see 
Darwin’s Orchids , p. 178; Rolfe in Linn. Soc. Jonrn., 27, 1890, &c. 
Catesbaea Linn. Rubiaceae (1. 8). 6 sp. W. Ind. 
Catha Forsk. Celastraceae. 1 sp., C. edulis Forsk., trop. Afr. The 
leaves are used by Arabs in the same way as tea, under the names 
Khat or Cafta. 
Cathcartia Hook. f. Papaveraceae (11). 2 sp. Himal., China. 
Cattleya Lindl. Orchidaceae (13). 20 sp. trop. Am., largely cultivated 
for their showy firs. The labellum encloses the column but is not 
united to it. From its base a nectary runs down into the ovary, The 
action of the parts of the fir. is like that of Epipactis (Darwin, Orchids , 
p- 143)- 
