3°6 
CICHORIUM 
Cichorium (Toum.) Linn. Compositae (xm). 8 sp. Medit., Eur. C. 
Intybus L., the chicory, occurs in Brit. The roots, roasted and 
ground, are mixed with coffee. C. Endivia L. is the endive, used as 
a pot-herb. The leaves are partly blanched by tying them together. 
Cicuta (Tourn.) Linn. Umbelliferae (5). 6 sp. N. Hemisph. C.virosa 
L. (cow-bane or water-hemlock) in Brit. Highly poisonous. 
Cimicifuga Linn. Ranunculaceae (2). 9 sp. N. temp. C.foetida'L. 
(bugbane, Eur.) is used as a preventive against vermin. The root of 
C . racemosa Nutt, (black nake-root, N. Am.) is used as an emetic 
in Am. United to Actaea in Nat . PJi. 
Cinchona Linn. Rubiaceae (1. 4). 40 sp. Andes. Trees. Firs, hetero- 
styled in some sp. Important as the source of Peruvian bark, from 
which are extracted the valuable drugs (alkaloids) quinine, cinchoni- 
dine, &c. The tree used to be cut down to obtain the bark and 
there was danger of its extinction until its cultivation was started on 
a large scale in Ceylon, Java, and India. Several sp. are used, e.g. 
C. Calisaya Wedd. (yellow bark and some of the crown bark), 
C. Ledgeriana Moens (yellow bark, the richest in alkaloid), C. cor di- 
folia Mutis (Cartagena bark), C. officinalis L. [ condaminea Humb.] 
(crown or brown bark), C. succirubra Pav. (red bark). [See Markham, 
Travels in Peru and India ; Reimers, Les Quinquinas de culture , 
1900.] 
Cineraria Linn. Compositae (vm). 25 sp. S. Afr. Many sp. of 
Senecio are often included in this genus. 
Cinnamodendron Endl. Canellaceae. 3 sp. Brazil, W. Ind. 
Cinnamomum (Toum.) Linn. Lauraceae (1). 40 sp. S. E. As. Young 
leaves often red (p. 157). C. zeylanicum Nees. (Ceylon) is the 
cinnamon tree. The spice is the bark of the young shoots, the plant 
being coppiced under cultivation. C. Cassia Blume (China, Japan) 
yields Cassia bark, often used to adulterate cinnamon. Its flower- 
buds are used as a spice (cf Eugenia). C. Camphor a T. Nees & 
Eberm. (China, Japan, Formosa) is the Camphor tree. The wood is 
heated with water and the camphor volatilises and is condensed. 
Cinnamosma Baill. Canellaceae. 1 sp. Madag. 
Cipadessa Blume. Meliaceae. 4 sp. Indo-Mal., Madag. 
Circaea Tourn. Onagraceae (vm). 7 sp. N. temp, and arctic. 2 in 
Brit, (enchanter’s nightshade). Fir. dimerous throughout with one 
whorl of sta. Fertilisation method like that of Veronica. Fruit hooked. 
Circaeaster Maxim. 1 sp. Himal., China. Position doubtful, perhaps 
near Chloranthaceae or Ranunculaceae (Hooker, Ico 7 ies PL, t. 2366). 
K 2 — 3, Co, A 1 — 2, G 1 — 4 ; fruits hooked. 
Cirrhopetalum Lindl. Orchidaceae (22). 30 sp. Indo-Mal., Masc. 
Cirsium (Tourn.) Adans. = Cnicus Tourn. 
Cissampelos Linn. Menispermaceae. 70 sp. trop. S infl. cymose. 
? flr. with peculiar zygomorphic structure ; cpl. one, with one sepal 
and two petals at one side of it. Petals often united. 
