CONIFERAE 
319 
inserted filaments; corolla of disc firs, actinomorphic ; 
pappus not hairy; involucral bracts not membranous at 
margins; receptacle with scaly bracts): Espeletia, 
Silphium, Xanthium, Zinnia, Siegesbeckia, Helianthus, 
Dahlia, Bidens. 
VI. Helenieae (as V, but receptacle without scaly bracts) : 
Helenium, Tagetes. 
VII. Anthemideae (as VI, but involucral bracts with membra- 
nous tip and edges ; pappus O or abortive) : Achillea, 
Anthemis, Chrysanthemum, Matricaria, Tanacetum, 
Artemisia. 
VIII. Senecioneae (as V and VI, but pappus hairy) : Tussilago, 
Petasites, Senecio. 
IX. Calenduleae (cap. with ? ray firs., and usually $ disc firs., 
with undivided style ; anthers pointed at base ; receptacle 
not scaly ; no pappus) : Calendula. 
X. Arctotideae (style, below or at point of division, thickened 
or with circle of hairs ; cap. with lig. ray firs. ; anthers 
acute at base or with longer or shorter point and with 
filaments inserted above the base) : Arctotis. 
XI. Cynareae (style as in X; cap. homog. or with neuter, 
rarely ? , not ligulate, ray firs. ; anthers usually tailed ; 
receptacle usually bristly) : Echinops, Carlina, Arctium, 
Carduus, Cnicus, Cynara, Centaurea. 
XII. Mutisieae (cap. homog. or heterog. ; ray firs, when pre- 
sent usually 2 -lipped; disc firs, actinomorphic with 
deeply-divided limb, or 2-lipped) : Barnadesia, Mutisia, 
Stifftia, Gerbera. 
B. LIGULIFLORAE . All firs, ligulate. Latex. 
XIII. Cichorieae : Cichorium, Rhagadiolus, Picris, Crepis, Hie- 
racium, Leontodon, Taraxacum, Lactuca, Tragopogon. 
[The C. are placed in Asterales by Benth. -Hooker, in Aggregatae 
by Warming.] 
Conchophyllum Blume. = Dischidia R. Br. 
Coniferae. The most important class of the Gymnosperms, though, 
like the other classes, better represented in former ages than now. 
They form 2 orders with 34 genera and 350 sp. Like their past 
history, their present geographical distribution is of great interest (see 
Nat, Pjl , or Drude’s Pjlanzengeog . , from which the following account 
is condensed). Most C. are evergreen trees of erect habit, and grow 
in dense forests, forming one of the characteristic features of the 
vegetation in many parts of the globe (esp. temp, and sub-trop. and 
mountains). Beginning in the north we find Juniperus nana beyond 
the limit of trees. This limit is largely marked by the C., passed 
here and there only by the birch. Within it, in the N. temp, zone 
are broad areas covered with C. (Larix, Abies, Pinus, &c.). Going S., 
