CONIFERAE 
3 2 3 
1. ABIETINEAE . Leaves spirally arranged. Ovule usually 
reversed (micropyle facing axis), 
r a. Araitcariinae (cpl. simple; i ovule, reversed, on middle line), 
i b. Abietinae (cpl. -Povulif. scale, the latter large; ovules 
2, reversed). 
1 c. Taxodiinae (cpl. + ovulif. scale, or with swelling on inner 
side; ovules 2 — 8, axillary and erect (i.e. with micropyle 
away from axis), or on surface of cpl. and reversed). 
2. CUPRESSINEAE. Leaves (incl. those of cone) opp. or 
whorled, rarely alt. Ovules erect. 
2a. Actinoslrobi?iae (cone woody when ripe; cpls. valvate). 
2 b. Thujopsidinae (cone woody when ripe ; cpls. imbricate ; 
whorls of all firs. 2-merous). 
2 c. Cupressinae (cone woody when ripe ; cpl. peltate ; whorls 
of all firs. 2-merous). 
2 d. Juniperinae (cone berry- or drupe-like when ripe). 
N. O. II. Taxaceae (Taxoideae). Cone-formation imperfect; 
seeds projecting beyond cpls. or even naked. Seed with fleshy aril 
or drupaceous testa. 
3. PODOCARPEAE . Seeds more or less reversed. Cpls. always 
present, i-seeded. 
4. TAXEAE . Seeds erect. Cpls. sometimes wanting. 
Key to Genera . 
1. ABIETINEAE: 
1 a. A raucariinae : 
Seeds free from cpl. 1. Agathis. 
,, united to ,, 2. Araucaria. 
1 b. Abietinae : 
A. Long and short shoots both present. 
a. Long shoots with scale leaves only; the green (needle) 
leaves on the short shoots. 3. Pinus. 
b. Needle leaves on both shoots : 
a. Needles evergreen: fruit 2 — 3 years in ripening. 
4. Cedrus. 
[ 3 . Deciduous : fruit 1 year in ripening. 
I. Cone-scales persistent. 5. Larix. 
II. ,, deciduous. 6. Pseudolarix. 
B. Shoots of one kind only (long): 
a. Needles 4-angled. Cone pendulous. Scales persistent. 
7. Picea. 
b. ,, flat. Otherwise as a. 8. Tsuga. 
c. ,, ,, Cone erect with deciduous scales. 
9. Abies. 
1 c. Taxodiinae: 
A. Long shoots with scale-leaves, and short shoots = double 
needles. 10. Sciadopitys. 
2 1 — 2 
